उत्तर भारत — ज़मीन के रिकॉर्ड के शब्द, आसान हिंदी और अंग्रेज़ी में
75 words that buyers and sellers meet on land records in Rajasthan, Punjab, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir, Ladakh, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Delhi, Chandigarh — what each one is, who keeps it, and why it matters before you buy. Meanings are given in English and Hindi, with the sources each comes from.
Also written: abadi deh, aabadi, abadi land, village abadi
The inhabited (residential) site of a village, distinct from agricultural land.
Abadi (abadi deh) is the inhabited site of a village, as glossed by housing.com. The Rajasthan Land Revenue Act 1956 refers to 'abadi land within the limits of a Municipality or a Panchayat circle or a village', and Jammu & Kashmir has an Abadi Deh Survey and Record Operations Regulation 2022. A Rajasthan guide notes that abadi land follows different transfer, construction and title rules from agricultural land, with the Gram Panchayat/Gram Sabha playing a role. Buyers of abadi plots should not expect the same jamabandi-based title trail as farmland.
आबादी (आबादी देह) गाँव का बसा हुआ रिहायशी हिस्सा है, जो खेती की ज़मीन से अलग है। इसके हस्तांतरण और मालिकाना कागज़ के नियम खेती की ज़मीन से अलग होते हैं।
Differences between states
Delhi: the abadi is bounded on revenue maps by the 'lal dora' (see that entry); Punjab/Haryana usage is likely but not confirmed in a source we found. Rajasthan: abadi land and its allotment involve the panchayat (secondary).
Also written: aksh shajra, aks-shajra, aks sajra, shajra copy
A copy of the village field map (shajra), usually for the area around a particular plot.
Aks shajra means a copy of the shajra, the village cadastral map. A UP guide describes it as a copy of the village map maintained by the lekhpal, showing plots with their khasra numbers and boundary lines. A Punjab guide uses the term interchangeably with tatima for a measured boundary sketch of a plot drawn from the patwari's shajra. Buyers use it to check the plot's shape, khasra number and neighbouring plots before registration.
अक्स शजरा गाँव के नक्शे (शजरा) की नकल है, आमतौर पर किसी भूखंड के आसपास के हिस्से की। खरीदार रजिस्ट्री से पहले इससे भूखंड का आकार, खसरा नंबर और पड़ोसी भूखंड जाँचता है।
Differences between states
UP: copy of the lekhpal's village map. Punjab: used for a plot-level boundary sketch, overlapping with 'tatima' (secondary).
UP and Delhi tenure term for a tenant-type holder whose rights are not freely saleable.
Asami is a tenure term in UP and Delhi records for a holder with tenant-type rights. A UP guide says asami rights are tenancy rights that cannot be transferred by sale, unlike bhumidhar rights. The Delhi Land Revenue Act 1954 refers to admission by the Gaon Sabha as bhumidhar or asami. A buyer should not purchase land from someone recorded only as asami without legal advice.
आसामी यूपी और दिल्ली में काश्तकार-जैसे अधिकार वाले धारक का दर्जा है, जिसके अधिकार एक यूपी गाइड के अनुसार बिक्री से हस्तांतरित नहीं होते। केवल आसामी दर्ज व्यक्ति से कानूनी सलाह के बिना ज़मीन न खरीदें।
Also written: baynama, bai nama, bai-nama, sale deed
The sale deed by which land is sold.
Bainama is the common term for a sale deed. Housing.com lists it as the term used for a sale deed, and a Hindi UP guide uses it alongside khatauni and dakhil kharij. After a bainama is registered, the buyer's name still has to be entered in the revenue record through mutation (dakhil kharij/namantaran).
बैनामा का अर्थ बिक्री-विलेख (सेल डीड) है। रजिस्ट्री के बाद भी खरीदार का नाम दाखिल खारिज/नामांतरण से राजस्व अभिलेख में चढ़ाना पड़ता है।
Land left uncultivated; 'jadid' after four harvests, 'qadim' after eight (per housing.com).
Housing.com glosses banjar as uncultivable land, and defines banjar jadid as land not cultivated for four consecutive harvests and banjar qadim (kadim) as land not cultivated for eight consecutive harvests. It is a land class recorded in the revenue record after girdawari observations. A buyer should note that banjar is a recorded class about cultivation history, not necessarily a statement about soil quality.
बंजर वह ज़मीन है जिस पर लंबे समय से खेती नहीं हुई; हाउसिंग डॉट कॉम के अनुसार बंजर जदीद चार फसलों और बंजर कदीम आठ फसलों तक खेती न होने पर दर्ज होती है। यह खेती के इतिहास की प्रविष्टि है, ज़रूरी नहीं कि मिट्टी की गुणवत्ता की।
Rain-fed land: cultivated land with no irrigation, depending on rainfall.
Barani is the land class for rain-fed land that depends on rainfall for water, as defined by housing.com. It appears as a land class in jamabandi entries, for example in Himachal records listed alongside nehri and gair mumkin. The recorded class tells a buyer how the land is classed for revenue purposes; whether irrigation now exists on the ground should be checked separately through girdawari and a site visit.
बारानी वह ज़मीन है जो सिंचाई के बिना बारिश पर निर्भर है। दर्ज किस्म और मौके की असली सिंचाई को गिरदावरी व मौका देखकर मिलाना चाहिए।
Differences between states
The term is used widely in north Indian records; the sources opened here name HP explicitly. A Punjab guide lists 'rain-fed' among cultivation types without the vernacular word.
Also written: bataai, batai cultivation, sharecropping
Crop-sharing arrangement between the owner and the cultivator.
Housing.com defines batai as an arrangement between the owner and the cultivator to grow crops and share the produce. Where land is cultivated on batai, the cultivator's name may appear in the cultivation column. A buyer should find out whether any batai cultivator is in occupation and on what terms.
बटाई मालिक और काश्तकार के बीच फसल उगाकर उपज बाँटने का समझौता है। खरीदार पता करे कि कोई बटाईदार काबिज़ है या नहीं।
Also written: bhunaksha, bhu naksha, bhu-naksha portal, naksha, khasra map
State online portals showing the digitised village map with each khasra plot.
Bhu-Naksha is the name used by state land-records departments for the online, digitised village map, where each khasra number appears as a plot that can be selected to see its boundaries and neighbours. Rajasthan's Apna Khata portal links to bhunaksha.rajasthan.gov.in, Himachal's revenue page links to Bhunaksha HP, and UP and Uttarakhand guides point to their Bhu-Naksha maps. Buyers use it to locate a khasra and compare its shape with the ground and the patwari's map.
भू-नक्शा राज्यों का ऑनलाइन डिजिटल गाँव-नक्शा है, जिसमें हर खसरा एक भूखंड के रूप में दिखता है। खरीदार इससे खसरा ढूँढकर उसकी आकृति मौके से मिलाता है।
Used in: Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh
Also written: bhumidar, bhoomidhar, bhumidhari, bhumidhar with transferable rights
UP and Delhi tenure term for the recorded landholder with ownership-type rights.
Bhumidhar is the tenure term used in Uttar Pradesh and Delhi records for the recorded landholder. A UP guide describes bhumidhar as freehold-type ownership that can be sold, in contrast to asami (tenant) rights. The Delhi Land Revenue Act 1954 makes every bhumidhar responsible for maintaining the permanent boundary marks on his fields and refers to admission by the Gaon Sabha as bhumidhar or asami. Buyers should check that the seller is recorded as bhumidhar in the khatauni and whether any restriction on transfer applies.
भूमिधर यूपी और दिल्ली के अभिलेखों में दर्ज भू-धारक का दर्जा है; एक यूपी गाइड इसे बेचा जा सकने वाला मालिकाना हक़ बताती है। खतौनी में विक्रेता का भूमिधर दर्ज होना और हस्तांतरण पर रोक न होना जाँचें।
Differences between states
UP law distinguishes classes of bhumidhar (with transferable and non-transferable rights) and Uttarakhand applies a related scheme, but these statutory details were not confirmed in a source we found.
Traditional area unit whose size differs from state to state and even within a state.
Bigha is the most common traditional unit of land area in north India, but its size is not standard: it differs between states, between districts and, in Rajasthan, between a 'pucca' and a 'kaccha' bigha. Sources disagree on several state values, so a bigha figure must always be tied to the specific place and confirmed from the local tehsil or the record itself. Rajasthan's Tenancy (Government) Rules 1955 use the bigha (e.g. earmarking pasture at roughly half a bigha per head of cattle), and Haryana title reports record land in Gurugram district in bigha-biswa-biswansi. Buyers should insist that areas are also stated in hectares or square metres in the deed.
बीघा ज़मीन की पारंपरिक इकाई है, जिसका आकार राज्य, ज़िले और राजस्थान में पक्के-कच्चे बीघे के हिसाब से बदलता है। विलेख में रकबा हेक्टेयर या वर्ग मीटर में भी लिखवाएँ।
Differences between states
Varies by place; see Size below. Punjab, Haryana, J&K and Chandigarh records often show area in kanal-marla, while Rajasthan, UP, Uttarakhand and parts of Haryana (e.g. Gurugram title reports) use bigha-biswa.
Size, where a source states it
Rajasthan: 1 pucca bigha = 27,225 sq ft (165 ft x 165 ft) and 1 kaccha bigha = 17,424 sq ft (Wikipedia 'Bigha', citing sizes.com; housing.com gives the same two figures). Punjab, areas settled on the standard 66-inch karam: 1 bigha = 4 kanal = 20 biswa = 80 marla, and 1 killa (acre) = 2 bigha (Wikipedia 'Measurement of land in Punjab'); Wikipedia 'Bigha' gives the same 2 bigha = 1 acre relation for 'Punjab and Haryana'. Himachal Pradesh: 5 bigha = 1 acre, i.e. 1 bigha = 8,712 sq ft (Wikipedia; housing.com also gives 8,712 sq ft). Uttarakhand: hills 1 bigha = 6,806.25 sq ft; plains 1 bigha = 17,424 sq ft (Wikipedia). Land converter ›
Used in: Rajasthan, Punjab, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand
Rajasthan Tenancy (Government) Rules 1955, Indian Kanoon
Law-firm report, Haryana RERA portal (secondary)
Secondary guide (commercial land portal)
Bir
Land classes
Also written: bir maqbooza, maqbooza bir, beed, bir land
Grass preserve recorded as 'Bir Maqbooza' in Rajasthan; can be turned into charagah.
Under rule 4(3) of the Rajasthan Tenancy (Government) Rules 1955, areas used as grass preserves are recorded as 'Bir Maqbooza', and rule 4(5) allows 'Maqbooza Birs' to be turned into charagah where common grazing land is scarce. Rule 6 has tehsildars earmark pasture from the unoccupied area of such birs. For a buyer, a bir entry signals grass-preserve land linked to village grazing, not ordinary private farmland.
राजस्थान में घास-संरक्षण की ज़मीन 'बीड़ मकबूज़ा' दर्ज होती है, और ज़रूरत होने पर इसे चारागाह में बदला जा सकता है। यह गाँव की चराई से जुड़ी ज़मीन है, सामान्य निजी खेती की नहीं।
Rajasthan Tenancy (Government) Rules 1955, Indian Kanoon
Biswa
Measurement units
Also written: bisva, bissa, biswah
Sub-unit of the bigha; generally one-twentieth of a bigha, but local practice varies.
Biswa is the sub-unit of the bigha; housing.com describes it as the twentieth part of a bigha. Because the bigha itself varies, the biswa varies with it, and some sources report other ratios for parts of UP. In records it is written with the bigha, as 'bigha-biswa' or 'bigha-biswa-biswansi'.
बिस्वा बीघे की उप-इकाई है, जिसे आम तौर पर बीघे का बीसवाँ हिस्सा बताया जाता है। बीघा बदलने के साथ बिस्वे का आकार भी बदलता है।
Differences between states
UP: sources conflict on how many biswa make a bigha (Wikipedia: 5, 6.67 or 20 depending on district; housing.com: '5 to 20').
Size, where a source states it
Punjab, standard-measure areas: 1 biswa = 4 marla = 36 sarsahi = 1,089 sq ft, and 20 biswa = 1 bigha (Wikipedia 'Measurement of land in Punjab'). Uttarakhand: 1 bigha = 20 bissa (housing.com). Land converter ›
Used in: Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand
Sub-unit of the biswa in bigha-biswa-biswansi area notation.
Biswansi is the smallest unit in the bigha-biswa-biswansi notation; housing.com describes it as one-twentieth of a biswa. Haryana title reports filed with the Haryana RERA record land in Gurugram district in bigha, biswa and biswansi. As with the bigha and biswa, its actual size depends on the local bigha.
बिस्वांसी बीघा-बिस्वा-बिस्वांसी लेखन की सबसे छोटी इकाई है, जिसे आम तौर पर बिस्वे का बीसवाँ हिस्सा बताया जाता है। इसका असली आकार स्थानीय बीघे पर निर्भर है।
Also written: chahi land, chahi nehri, chahi nahri, well-irrigated
Land irrigated from a well (or tubewell); 'chahi nehri' is partly well- and partly canal-irrigated.
Chahi is the land class for land irrigated with well water, and 'chahi nahri' (chahi nehri) is land irrigated partly from a canal and partly from a well, per housing.com. Haryana due-diligence reports describe land as recorded 'Chahi' in the revenue record. As with other classes, the recorded entry should be compared with the girdawari and the actual water source on the ground.
चाही वह ज़मीन है जिसकी सिंचाई कुएँ से होती है, और 'चाही नहरी' वह जिसकी सिंचाई कुछ नहर और कुछ कुएँ से होती है। दर्ज किस्म को मौके के असली जल-स्रोत से मिलाना चाहिए।
Also written: chakbandhi, chak bandi, consolidation of holdings
Consolidation: amalgamating and redistributing scattered fields to reduce plots, then preparing new records.
Chakbandi is land consolidation: Hindi Wikipedia describes it as the method of preventing individual holdings from being fragmented into pieces by regrouping them. The East Punjab Holdings (Consolidation and Prevention of Fragmentation) Act 1948 defines consolidation of holdings as the amalgamation and redistribution of the lands of an estate so as to reduce the number of plots in the holdings, allows land to be reserved for common purposes such as roads, drains, cremation grounds and grazing grounds (s.18), and requires a new record of rights after the scheme (s.22). Himachal's revenue portal shows plot-wise settlement/consolidation maps. Buyers in consolidated villages should use post-consolidation numbers and maps, since pre-consolidation khasra numbers may no longer match the ground.
चकबंदी बिखरे खेतों को मिलाकर दोबारा बाँटने की प्रक्रिया है ताकि जोतों में भूखंडों की संख्या घटे, जिसके बाद नया अधिकार-अभिलेख बनता है और साझा कामों के लिए ज़मीन अलग रखी जा सकती है। चकबंदी वाले गाँवों में चकबंदी के बाद के नंबर और नक्शे ही इस्तेमाल करें।
Differences between states
Punjab (and Haryana, which inherited Punjab law): East Punjab Holdings (Consolidation and Prevention of Fragmentation) Act 1948. UP has its own consolidation law; Hindi Wikipedia mentions UP but its UP dates look unreliable and are not used.
East Punjab Holdings (Consolidation) Act 1948, PLRS copy (official)
Hindi Wikipedia (tertiary)
HP Revenue Dept (official)
Charagah
Land classes
Also written: charagaah, charagah land, ghair mumkin charagah, pasture land
Village pasture (grazing) land, recorded as 'Ghair Mumkin Charagah' in Rajasthan.
Charagah is village pasture land set apart for grazing. Under rule 4 of the Rajasthan Tenancy (Government) Rules 1955, the Settlement Officer demarcates pasture land after enquiry from villagers, and land used exclusively for grazing is recorded as 'Ghair Mumkin Charagah' and excluded from assessment; rule 7 lets the Collector change pasture to 'Sawai Chak' only in prescribed circumstances. The Rajasthan High Court has directed District Collectors to remove encroachments on pasture land, ponds, river beds and public ways, following the Supreme Court's Jagpal Singh judgment. Buyers should not buy land recorded as charagah or carved out of it.
चारागाह गाँव की चराई की ज़मीन है; राजस्थान में यह 'गैर मुमकिन चारागाह' दर्ज होती है और इसकी श्रेणी केवल तय नियमों से बदल सकती है। अदालतें इस पर अतिक्रमण हटाने का आदेश देती हैं, इसलिए चारागाह दर्ज ज़मीन नहीं खरीदनी चाहिए।
Differences between states
Rajasthan: recorded as 'Ghair Mumkin Charagah'; grass preserves are recorded separately as 'Bir'. Punjab and other states: grazing grounds are among village common lands (shamlat deh / gram sabha land) per Jagpal Singh.
Rajasthan Tenancy (Government) Rules 1955, Indian Kanoon
Rajasthan HC, Jagdish Prasad Meena v. State (2019)
Supreme Court, Jagpal Singh v. State of Punjab (2011)
D
Dakhil kharij
Processes
दाखिल खारिज Hindi
Also written: dakhil-kharij, dakhil kharij mutation, daakhil khaarij
UP term for mutation: entering the new owner's name and removing the old one in the khatauni.
Dakhil kharij is the UP term for mutation; housing.com glosses it as property mutation. A UP guide describes it as updating the revenue records with a new owner's name after a sale, inheritance, gift or court order, also called namantaran, decided by the tehsildar after field verification by the lekhpal under sections 34 and 35 of the UP Revenue Code 2006. As with other mutations, the entry has fiscal effect and does not by itself decide title, so buyers should still verify the chain of registered documents.
दाखिल खारिज यूपी में नामांतरण का शब्द है, जिसमें बिक्री, विरासत, उपहार या अदालती आदेश के बाद नया नाम चढ़ता है; लेखपाल की जाँच के बाद तहसीलदार फैसला करता है। यह प्रविष्टि मालिकाना हक़ तय नहीं करती, इसलिए पंजीकृत दस्तावेज़ों की कड़ी भी जाँचें।
Differences between states
UP: 'dakhil kharij'. Elsewhere: 'intkal' (Punjab-type records) or 'namantaran' (Rajasthan, Hindi). A secondary Chandigarh guide's title also uses 'dakhil kharij'.
Supreme Court, Suraj Bhan v. Financial Commissioner (2007)
F
Fard
Documents
फर्द Hindiफर्द इंतखाब Hindi
Also written: fard jamabandi, fard intikhab, fard intkhab, fard nakal
Certified extract of the jamabandi for specific land, used for sales, loans and court work.
A fard is a certified extract (copy) of the jamabandi for particular land; a Punjab guide says fard and jamabandi are used almost interchangeably in practice. In Jammu & Kashmir the extract is called 'fard intikhab' and, according to a secondary guide, is issued under rule 34 of the J&K Land Revenue Rules 1969 after the patwari prepares it, the girdawar verifies it, the naib tehsildar attests it and the tehsildar countersigns it. It reproduces columns such as khewat, khasra, owner, area in kanal-marla, land class and remarks. Because it is only an extract of revenue entries, it shows what is recorded rather than proving title.
फर्द जमाबंदी की प्रमाणित नकल (अंश) है; जम्मू-कश्मीर में इसे फर्द इंतखाब कहते हैं, जिसे पटवारी बनाता है और गिरदावर, नायब तहसीलदार व तहसीलदार जाँचते-तस्दीक करते हैं। यह दर्ज स्थिति दिखाती है, मालिकाना हक़ का अंतिम सबूत नहीं है।
Differences between states
Punjab/Chandigarh: 'fard' usually means the jamabandi copy (Haryana usage likely but not confirmed in a source we found). J&K: 'fard intikhab' with a four-official issuing chain (secondary source; rule number not verified against the Rules). Housing.com uses 'Jamabandi/Fard' as one entry. In Rajasthan, UP and Delhi the usual word for the copy is 'nakal'.
Used in: Punjab, Jammu & Kashmir, Ladakh, Chandigarh
Supreme Court, Suraj Bhan v. Financial Commissioner (2007)
Fard badr
ProcessesLess certain
Also written: fard badar, fard-badr, fard badal
Correction of an entry in the land record.
Housing.com defines fard badr as the process of making a correction in the land record. It is used where an entry in the jamabandi needs to be corrected. Buyers who find a mismatch in name, share or area should ask whether a fard badr has been done or is pending.
फर्द बदर भू-अभिलेख की किसी प्रविष्टि को सुधारने की प्रक्रिया है। नाम, हिस्से या रकबे में गड़बड़ी दिखे तो पूछें कि फर्द बदर हुआ है या लंबित है।
Entry in the cultivation column for a person in unauthorised possession.
Housing.com defines gair dakhildar as unauthorised permanent possession, and a Haryana guide says 'gair dakhildaar' is used in the cultivation column when someone other than the owner occupies the land without authority. For a buyer, this entry is a warning that the land may not be in the seller's possession and that eviction may be needed.
गैर दाखिलदार का अर्थ अनधिकृत कब्ज़ा है, जो हरियाणा में काश्त कॉलम में लिखा जाता है। यह चेतावनी है कि ज़मीन विक्रेता के कब्ज़े में नहीं हो सकती।
Also written: ghair khatedar, gair-khatedar, gair khatedar tenant, ghair khatedari
Rajasthan: a class of tenant recorded as 'Gair-Khatedar Tenant', distinct from a khatedar tenant.
Gair (ghair) khatedar tenant is a separate class of tenant under the Rajasthan Tenancy Act 1955. The Rajasthan Tenancy (Government) Rules 1955 contain a form for a person 'recorded as a Gair-Khatedar Tenant' and a rule on the procedure for ejectment of khudkasht and ghair khatedar tenants. A buyer who sees 'gair khatedar' in the jamabandi should take legal advice before dealing, because the holder is not recorded as a khatedar.
गैर खातेदार काश्तकार राजस्थान काश्तकारी कानून में काश्तकारों की एक अलग श्रेणी है, जो खातेदार के रूप में दर्ज नहीं है। जमाबंदी में यह प्रविष्टि दिखे तो सौदे से पहले कानूनी सलाह लें।
Rajasthan Tenancy (Government) Rules 1955, Indian Kanoon
Gair mumkin
Land classes
गैर मुमकिन Hindi
Also written: ghair mumkin, gair-mumkin, gair mumkin nadi, gair mumkin charagah, gair mumkin toba, gair mumkin rasta
'Not possible' (to cultivate): land recorded as unculturable, often with its use, e.g. pond, river, pasture.
Gair mumkin is the record class for land that cannot be cultivated; housing.com glosses it as barren or uncultivable land. It is usually followed by the actual feature: the Supreme Court in Jagpal Singh dealt with land 'recorded in the revenue records as Gair Mumkin Toba i.e. a village pond' in Punjab; Rajasthan's Tenancy (Government) Rules 1955 record exclusively grazing land as 'Ghair Mumkin Charagah'; and the Rajasthan High Court (Abdul Rahman) held that land recorded as 'gair mumkin Nadi' cannot be used for construction. Buyers should treat any gair mumkin entry naming a pond, river, path or pasture as a red flag requiring legal advice.
गैर मुमकिन वह ज़मीन है जिस पर खेती संभव नहीं, और साथ में अक्सर उसका स्वरूप लिखा होता है, जैसे गैर मुमकिन टोबा (तालाब), गैर मुमकिन नदी या गैर मुमकिन चारागाह। तालाब, नदी, रास्ता या चारागाह वाली प्रविष्टि खरीदार के लिए गंभीर चेतावनी है।
Differences between states
Rajasthan: 'Ghair Mumkin Charagah' (pasture), 'gair mumkin Nadi' (river) appear in rules and judgments. Punjab: 'Gair Mumkin Toba' (village pond). Haryana: due-diligence reports describe land recorded as 'Gair mumkin'. HP: listed as a land class on a Hindi guide.
Used in: Rajasthan, Punjab, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh
Supreme Court, Jagpal Singh v. State of Punjab (2011)
Rajasthan Tenancy (Government) Rules 1955, Indian Kanoon
Rajasthan HC, Abdul Rahman v. State (2004), IELRC copy
Housing.com (secondary)
Law-firm report, Haryana RERA portal (secondary)
Secondary guide (commercial land portal)
Gaon sabha land
Ownership and tenure
Also written: gram sabha land, gram panchayat land, gaon sabha, gram samaj land
Village common land vested in or managed by the Gaon/Gram Sabha or Gram Panchayat.
Gram sabha or gram panchayat land is the name in many north Indian states for village common land, according to the Supreme Court in Jagpal Singh (2011), which ordered states to evict encroachers and restore such land to common use. The Delhi Land Revenue Act 1954 gives the Gaon Sabha duties such as maintaining boundary marks of the village, and refers to persons admitted by the Gaon Sabha as bhumidhar or asami. The Rajasthan High Court has applied Jagpal Singh to pasture, ponds and panchayat land in Rajasthan. Buyers should treat such land as not available for private purchase unless a lawful allotment is documented.
ग्राम सभा या ग्राम पंचायत भूमि गाँव की साझा ज़मीन है, जिसे सुप्रीम कोर्ट ने अतिक्रमण-मुक्त कर सामुदायिक उपयोग में लौटाने का आदेश दिया। वैध आवंटन के कागज़ के बिना इसे निजी खरीद योग्य न मानें।
Differences between states
Delhi: 'Gaon Sabha' in the Delhi Land Revenue Act 1954. Punjab: called 'shamlat deh'. Rajasthan: panchayat land, charagah and water bodies (Rajasthan High Court).
Supreme Court, Jagpal Singh v. State of Punjab (2011)
Delhi Land Revenue Act 1954, Indian Kanoon
Rajasthan HC, Jagdish Prasad Meena v. State (2019)
Gata
Records and registers
गाटा Hindi
Also written: gata number, gata sankhya, gaata
UP and Uttarakhand name for the khasra (plot) number.
In Uttar Pradesh and Uttarakhand the plot number in the khatauni and on the village map is often called the gata number, used interchangeably with khasra number. A Hindi guide on Uttarakhand states that the khasra number is called the gata number there, and UP's Bhulekh service text speaks of the sale status of a 'भूखंड/गाटा'. When a document quotes a gata number, it is the same plot identifier a buyer must match with the map and the khatauni.
यूपी और उत्तराखंड में खसरा (भूखंड) नंबर को गाटा नंबर भी कहते हैं। कागज़ में गाटा नंबर हो तो उसे नक्शे और खतौनी से मिलाना चाहिए।
Traditional area unit; housing.com equates it with 43,560 sq ft (one acre) without naming a place.
Ghumaon (ghumao) is a traditional land-area unit. Housing.com says a ghumao consists of 43,560 sq ft, the same as an acre, but does not say where that value applies. Because the source names no place, no official size is given here; confirm locally before relying on it.
घुमाऊँ एक पारंपरिक इकाई है, जिसे हाउसिंग डॉट कॉम बिना जगह बताए 43,560 वर्ग फ़ुट बताता है। भरोसा करने से पहले स्थानीय रूप से पक्का करें।
Also written: girdawar qanungo, girdawar kanungo, girdavar, ILR, inspector land records, bhu abhilekh nirikshak
Revenue inspector who supervises patwaris and verifies their land-record entries.
The girdawar is the revenue inspector who supervises patwaris; housing.com calls him the supervisor of patwaris. In Rajasthan, section 33 of the Land Revenue Act 1956 appoints a 'Girdawar Qanungo or Land Record Inspector' to each land-records inspection circle, and the state's girdawari system has records verified at the patwari, ILR (Inspector Land Records) and tehsildar levels. The J&K revenue FAQ says the girdawar helps verify jamabandi changes and reads entries out to landholders, and a secondary guide says he verifies a fard intikhab against the original records. Buyers may need the girdawar's verification when a record is disputed or a copy is being attested.
गिरदावर पटवारियों की निगरानी करने वाला राजस्व निरीक्षक है, जो उनकी प्रविष्टियाँ जाँचता है। रिकॉर्ड पर विवाद या नकल की तस्दीक में उसकी जाँच की ज़रूरत पड़ सकती है।
Differences between states
Rajasthan: girdawar = Land Record Inspector (ILR). J&K: girdawar in the jamabandi and fard chain. Punjab uses 'field kanungo' for the comparable supervisory level (see kanungo).
Seasonal field-by-field crop inspection and the khasra girdawari register that records it.
Girdawari is the harvest inspection: each season the patwari goes field by field and records in the khasra girdawari register the crop grown, who is actually cultivating and related details. Himachal's revenue department describes it as a register of harvest inspections done every six months, in October and March, recording crops, soil conservation, cultivation and the cultivator. In Rajasthan the girdawari is captured through the Raj Khasra Girdawari and Kisan Girdawari apps and verified by the patwari, the Inspector Land Records and the tehsildar, with the result available as Form P-13. Buyers use it to see actual use and possession, which the ownership columns of the jamabandi do not show.
गिरदावरी फसल-निरीक्षण है, जिसमें पटवारी हर मौसम खेत-दर-खेत फसल और असली काश्तकार दर्ज करता है; राजस्थान में यह ऐप से होती है और प्रपत्र पी-13 में मिलती है। खरीदार इससे ज़मीन का असली उपयोग और कब्ज़ा देखता है।
Differences between states
HP: twice a year, October and March (official). Punjab: a secondary guide ties the rounds to kharif (October) and rabi (March) and says the inspection is done in the presence of the numberdar and witnesses. Rajasthan: app-based girdawari, verification by Patwari/ILR/Tehsildar, Form P-13 (official manual). J&K: described as a bi-annual harvest inspection record (secondary).
Used in: Rajasthan, Punjab, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir, Ladakh
HP Govt, District Kinnaur land-records page (official)
Rajasthan Kisan Girdawari manual (official)
Rajasthan girdawari portal (official)
Secondary guide (commercial land portal)
Secondary guide (commercial land portal)
Housing.com (secondary)
Wikipedia (tertiary)
Secondary guide (commercial land portal)
Gochar
Land classes
Also written: gochar land, gauchar, gochar bhumi
Cattle-grazing (pasture) land recorded in Rajasthan revenue records.
Gochar is a revenue-record entry for land used for cattle grazing. The Rajasthan High Court in Abdul Rahman v. State of Rajasthan (2004) noted land recorded in the revenue record as 'gochar land' alongside land recorded as 'gair mumkin Nadi', in a case about protecting such public land from conversion and construction. Buyers should treat a gochar entry, like charagah, as common land that is not available for private sale.
गोचर राजस्थान के राजस्व रिकॉर्ड में पशु-चराई की ज़मीन की प्रविष्टि है। इसे चारागाह की तरह सामुदायिक ज़मीन मानें, जो निजी बिक्री के लिए नहीं है।
Rajasthan HC, Abdul Rahman v. State (2004), IELRC copy
H
Hadbast number
Records and registersLess certain
Also written: hadbast, hadbast no., had bast
Serial number of a revenue village (estate) in the records.
Housing.com defines the hadbast number as the village serial number used in land records, and glosses 'had' (hadh) as the village or land boundary. It is used to identify the revenue estate in which a plot lies. Buyers should check that the village and hadbast number on a copy match the plot's actual revenue estate.
हदबस्त नंबर भू-अभिलेखों में राजस्व गाँव की क्रम-संख्या है (हाउसिंग डॉट कॉम)। नकल पर लिखा गाँव और हदबस्त नंबर सही राजस्व गाँव का होना चाहिए।
Also written: patwar halqa, patwar circle, patwar kshetra, halka, patwari circle
The patwari's circle: the group of villages whose records one patwari keeps.
A halqa (patwar halqa, patwar circle) is the area of one or more villages whose land records are kept by one patwari. The Rajasthan Tenancy (Government) Rules 1955 call for reports 'from the patwari of the Halqa'; Jammu & Kashmir's revenue department lists 'Patwar Halqa' divisions by district; the Punjab Land Records Manual speaks of 'the patwari's circle'; and Rajasthan's Apna Khata seema-gyan form asks for the headquarters of the 'patwar area' (पटवार क्षेत्र). A buyer needs to know the halqa to find the right patwari for a village.
हलका (पटवार सर्कल) एक या अधिक गाँवों का वह क्षेत्र है जिसके अभिलेख एक पटवारी रखता है; राजस्थान पोर्टल इसे 'पटवार क्षेत्र' कहता है। सही पटवारी तक पहुँचने के लिए हलका पता होना चाहिए।
Rajasthan Tenancy (Government) Rules 1955, Indian Kanoon
J&K Revenue Dept (official)
Punjab Land Records Manual, PLRS (official)
Rajasthan Apna Khata, seema gyan form (official)
Hiba
Documents
Also written: hibba, hibanama, hibbanama, hiba nama
Gift of land, and the mutation entered when land is gifted.
Hiba (hibba) means a gift. Housing.com describes 'hibba' as the mutation made when land is gifted to someone, and a Haryana guide lists gift (hiba) among the kinds of mutation shown in the 'nature of mutation' entry. A buyer tracing the title chain will see 'hiba' where land changed hands as a gift rather than by sale.
हिबा का अर्थ उपहार है; ज़मीन उपहार में देने पर होने वाला इंतकाल हिबा कहलाता है। मालिकाना कड़ी में 'हिबा' बताता है कि ज़मीन बिक्री के बजाय उपहार से गई।
Also written: intiqal, intikal, inteqal, intkaal, intakal, intkal number, mutation
Mutation: entering a change of ownership or rights in the revenue record after sale, inheritance, gift, etc.
Intkal (intiqal) is the mutation of land records: the process and the entry by which a change in rights from sale, inheritance (varasat), gift (hiba), mortgage (rehan), partition (taqseem) or court order is recorded. Under the Punjab Land Revenue Act 1887 (s.34) a person acquiring rights must report it to the patwari, who enters it in the register of mutations; after revenue officers attest the mutation it is carried into the next jamabandi, as HP's revenue department also describes. The Supreme Court has held that mutation entries serve a fiscal purpose and do not by themselves create or prove title. Buyers should check the full chain of attested intkals for the land, not just the latest jamabandi.
इंतकाल नामांतरण है: बिक्री, विरासत, हिबा, रहन, तकसीम या अदालती आदेश से हुए अधिकार-परिवर्तन को पटवारी रजिस्टर में दर्ज करता है और तस्दीक के बाद यह जमाबंदी में चढ़ता है। सुप्रीम कोर्ट के अनुसार इंतकाल मालिकाना हक़ न बनाता है न साबित करता है, इसलिए पूरी इंतकाल-कड़ी जाँचें।
Differences between states
Punjab/Haryana/HP/J&K/Chandigarh: 'intkal'/'intiqal'. UP: 'dakhil kharij'. Rajasthan and Hindi usage generally: 'namantaran'. A Rajasthan guide uses 'intkal' for the mutation order itself and 'nakal' for its certified copy.
Used in: Punjab, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir, Chandigarh
Punjab Land Revenue Act 1887, PLRS copy (official)
HP Govt, District Kinnaur land-records page (official)
J&K Revenue Dept, LRIS FAQ (official)
Secondary guide (commercial land portal)
Law-firm report, Haryana RERA portal (secondary)
Supreme Court, Suraj Bhan v. Financial Commissioner (2007)
Secondary guide (commercial land portal)
Secondary guide (commercial land portal)
J
Jamabandi
Records and registers
जमाबंदी Hindi
Also written: jamabandhi, jamaabandi, fard jamabandi, jamabandi nakal, jamabandi charsala
Periodically rewritten record of rights listing owners, shares, cultivators, area and land class for every plot.
The jamabandi is the record of rights kept by the state revenue department for each revenue village (estate). It shows each owner's holding and share, the cultivator, the area and class of land, and liabilities such as land revenue, and it is rewritten periodically after attested mutations are incorporated. The patwari prepares it and revenue officers such as the girdawar and tehsildar check and attest it. Buyers use a certified copy (nakal or fard) to see who is recorded as owner and what remarks stand against a plot; the Supreme Court has held that such entries serve only a fiscal purpose and do not by themselves confer ownership.
जमाबंदी हर राजस्व गाँव का अधिकार-अभिलेख है, जिसमें मालिक, हिस्सा, काश्तकार, रकबा और ज़मीन की किस्म दर्ज होती है और जिसे इंतकाल जोड़कर समय-समय पर दोबारा लिखा जाता है। खरीदार इसकी प्रमाणित नकल से दर्ज मालिक और टिप्पणियाँ देखता है, पर सुप्रीम कोर्ट के अनुसार ये प्रविष्टियाँ अपने-आप में मालिकाना हक़ नहीं देतीं।
Differences between states
Rewriting interval differs by source: the J&K revenue FAQ says the jamabandi ('Jamabandi Charsala') is typically prepared every four years; HP's revenue department (Himbhoomi) says a new jamabandi is written every five years; a secondary Punjab guide also says five years; the Punjab Land Revenue Act 1887 (s.33) says yearly or at such intervals as the Financial Commissioner prescribes. In HP the published record of rights is the jamabandi plus the shajra nasab. In Rajasthan the jamabandi is kept under the Rajasthan Land Revenue Act 1956 and copies are on the Apna Khata portal. In UP and Uttarakhand the equivalent record is the khatauni; the Delhi Land Revenue Act 1954 calls the amended record of rights the 'Annual Register' and khatauni is also used there. Chandigarh's revenue villages use jamabandi under the Punjab Land Revenue Act 1887 (secondary source); Ladakh has a jamabandi on its land-records portal (secondary source).
HP Govt, District Kinnaur land-records page (official)
HP Revenue Dept (official)
Punjab Land Revenue Act 1887, PLRS copy (official)
Rajasthan Revenue Dept, Apna Khata (official)
Supreme Court, Suraj Bhan v. Financial Commissioner (2007)
Delhi Land Revenue Act 1954, Indian Kanoon
Secondary guide (commercial land portal)
Secondary guide (commercial land portal)
Secondary guide (commercial land portal)
Secondary guide (commercial land portal)
Secondary guide (commercial land portal)
K
Kanal
Measurement units
कनाल Hindi
Also written: kanaal, kenal, kanal-marla
Area unit of 20 marlas, used in kanal-marla records of Punjab, Haryana, J&K and Chandigarh.
Kanal is a land-area unit made up of 20 marlas, used in jamabandi entries in Punjab, Haryana, Jammu & Kashmir and Chandigarh, where areas are written as kanal-marla. A Haryana law-firm glossary states the Haryana value, and Wikipedia gives the Punjab standard-measure relations. J&K and Ladakh records also show area in kanal-marla, but no source we found states their value.
कनाल 20 मरले की इकाई है, जिसमें पंजाब, हरियाणा, जम्मू-कश्मीर और चंडीगढ़ की जमाबंदी में रकबा लिखा जाता है। इसका मान जगह के हिसाब से देखें।
Differences between states
J&K, Ladakh: kanal-marla used (secondary sources) but no value stated in a source we found.
Size, where a source states it
Haryana: 1 kanal = 20 marla = 605 sq yd (law-firm glossary filed on the Haryana RERA portal). Punjab, standard-measure areas: 1 kanal = 5 biswa = 20 marla = 180 sarsahi, and 8 kanal = 1 killa = 1 acre (Wikipedia 'Measurement of land in Punjab'). Land converter ›
Used in: Haryana, Punjab, Jammu & Kashmir, Ladakh, Chandigarh
Also written: qanungo, kanoongo, field kanungo, girdawar kanungo, girdawar qanungo
Revenue official above the patwari who supervises a group of patwaris and their records.
The kanungo (qanungo) is the revenue official above the patwari; housing.com calls him the head of patwaris. The Punjab Land Records Manual says there is ordinarily one field kanungo for about ten patwaris and also names district, office and special kanungos. In Rajasthan, section 33 of the Land Revenue Act 1956 provides a 'Girdawar Qanungo or Land Record Inspector' for each land-records inspection circle to supervise the maintenance of the annual registers, and the Delhi Land Revenue Act 1954 deems every patwari and kanungo a public servant. Buyers meet the kanungo when patwari entries, mutations or demarcations need checking at the next level.
कानूनगो पटवारी से ऊपर का राजस्व अधिकारी है जो पटवारियों के काम की निगरानी करता है; राजस्थान में इसे गिरदावर कानूनगो या भू-अभिलेख निरीक्षक कहते हैं। अगले स्तर की जाँच में खरीदार का सामना कानूनगो से होता है।
Differences between states
Rajasthan: 'Girdawar Qanungo' / 'Land Record Inspector' (now often 'Inspector Land Records', ILR). Punjab: field, district, office and special kanungos. Ladakh: a secondary guide lists a 'Revenue Inspector' between patwari and tehsildar.
Length unit used in Punjab land measurement; its length set the size of the marla and kanal.
Karam is a unit of length used in land measurement; housing.com calls it a unit of length. In Punjab the standard karam is 66 inches (5.5 ft) in areas settled and consolidated on the standard measure, and a square karam is one sarsahi. Historically, unconsolidated districts used shorter karams, which is why marlas and kanals of the same name differ in size between old records.
करम ज़मीन नापने की लंबाई की इकाई है, जिसकी लंबाई से मरले और कनाल का आकार तय होता है। पंजाब के पुराने ज़िलों में करम अलग-अलग लंबाई के थे।
Differences between states
District-level karam lengths in pre-1947 Punjab, as under Size below.
Size, where a source states it
Punjab: standard karam = 66 inches (5.5 ft) in areas settled and consolidated on the standard measure; historically 60 inches in Amritsar, Gurdaspur (except certain circles), Ferozepur (except Fazilka), Faridkot and Lahore; 57.5 inches in Hoshiarpur, Jalandhar, Anandpur Sahib and the Shahpur Hill Circle; and 54 inches in Kapurthala (Wikipedia 'Measurement of land in Punjab'). Land converter ›
Cultivator of the land, as entered in the cultivation column.
Housing.com defines kashtkar as a cultivator. In jamabandi and khatauni entries the cultivator or possessor is recorded separately from the owner, so the kashtkar may or may not be the owner. Buyers should check who is entered as cultivator, because a tenant or occupant in possession can complicate delivery of possession.
काश्तकार का अर्थ खेती करने वाला है, जो अभिलेख में मालिक से अलग दर्ज हो सकता है। कब्ज़े में बैठा काश्तकार कब्ज़ा सौंपने में दिक्कत कर सकता है, इसलिए यह प्रविष्टि जाँचें।
Also written: khasra number, khasra no., khesra, khasra girdawari, survey number
The number given to each field or plot on the village map and in the land records.
Khasra is the plot (field) number given to each parcel on the village map and in the revenue records; it is the basic identifier used to find a plot in the jamabandi or khatauni and on the Bhu-Naksha map. In UP and Uttarakhand the same number is also called the gata number. Some sources also use 'khasra' for registers built on these numbers: TaxGuru calls the khasra an annual village register showing possession as a cultivator, and the crop-inspection register is the 'khasra girdawari'. Buyers should match the khasra number, area and map shape in the record against the ground and the sale deed.
खसरा हर खेत या भूखंड का नंबर है, जो गाँव के नक्शे और अभिलेख में ज़मीन की मूल पहचान है; यूपी और उत्तराखंड में इसे गाटा नंबर भी कहते हैं। खरीदार को खसरा नंबर, रकबा और नक्शे की आकृति मौके और बैनामे से मिलानी चाहिए।
Differences between states
UP/Uttarakhand: khasra = gata number. Punjab: a secondary guide says khasra numbers were fixed during consolidation. Haryana (consolidated villages): land is identified by rectangle (mustil) and killa numbers, which a Haryana law-firm glossary treats as the khasra-equivalent block number.
Also written: khata number, khata sankhya, khata no., khatedar khata
The account (holding) number under which all plots of one holder or family are grouped.
Khata is the account number under which all plots held by one owner or family are grouped in the land record. Rajasthan's Apna Khata portal asks for the khata number when searching records or applying for services, and UP and Delhi guides describe the khata number as the account grouping all plots of one holder. Housing.com treats khata and khewat as the same idea. Because one khata can hold several khasra numbers, a buyer must confirm exactly which khasra within the khata is being sold.
खाता वह खाता-नंबर है जिसके नीचे एक धारक या परिवार के सारे भूखंड दर्ज होते हैं; राजस्थान का अपना खाता पोर्टल खाता संख्या से रिकॉर्ड खोजता है। एक खाते में कई खसरे हो सकते हैं, इसलिए पक्का करें कि कौन-सा खसरा बिक रहा है।
Differences between states
Rajasthan, UP and Delhi: 'khata'. Punjab, Haryana and HP: the ownership account is usually 'khewat' (housing.com equates them); a Haryana law-firm glossary also uses 'khata/khatoni'.
Used in: Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Delhi, Jammu & Kashmir, Haryana
Also written: khatoni, khataoni, khatouni, khatauni number, khatauni nakal
UP/Uttarakhand/Delhi: the account-wise record of rights; Punjab/Haryana/HP: the cultivator's number inside the jamabandi.
In Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand and Delhi the khatauni is the main record of rights for a village: an account-wise register showing the recorded holder, the khasra/gata numbers held, land class, area and mutation entries. In Punjab, Haryana, Himachal and Chandigarh 'khatauni' is instead a number and column inside the jamabandi identifying the cultivator or possessor of a holding, kept separate from the khewat (ownership account). Mutation is effected by entering the new name in the khatauni, as in a Delhi case decided by the Supreme Court, which also held that such revenue entries serve a fiscal purpose and do not confer title. Buyers should match the seller's name, share and plot numbers in the latest khatauni.
यूपी, उत्तराखंड और दिल्ली में खतौनी मुख्य अधिकार-अभिलेख है, जिसमें खातेवार धारक, खसरा नंबर, रकबा और नामांतरण दर्ज होते हैं; पंजाब, हरियाणा, हिमाचल में यह जमाबंदी के भीतर काश्तकार/कब्ज़ेदार का नंबर है। नामांतरण खतौनी में नाम चढ़ाकर होता है, पर यह प्रविष्टि मालिकाना हक़ का सबूत नहीं है।
Differences between states
Meaning differs by state, as described. A UP guide (Hindi) gives the official UP name as 'अधिकार अभिलेख' (record of rights). The spelling 'khatoni' is the same word; a Haryana law-firm glossary spells it 'Khatoni' and glosses 'Khata/Khatoni' as revenue records in a particular ledger/account book.
Supreme Court, Suraj Bhan v. Financial Commissioner (2007)
Secondary guide (commercial land portal)
Secondary guide (commercial land portal)
Law-firm report, Haryana RERA portal (secondary)
Secondary guide (commercial land portal)
Secondary guide (commercial land portal)
Khatedar
Ownership and tenure
खातेदार Hindiसहखातेदार Hindi
Also written: khatedaar, khatadar, khatedar tenant, khatedari, sah-khatedar, co-khatedar
Rajasthan: the recorded holder of agricultural land (khatedar tenant) under the Rajasthan Tenancy Act 1955.
Khatedar is the person recorded as the holder of a khata (account) of agricultural land; in Rajasthan law the full term is 'khatedar tenant' under the Rajasthan Tenancy Act 1955, whose rights are called khatedari. Section 42 of that Act restricts sale, gift or bequest by a khatedar tenant of his interest in his holding, for example making a transfer by a Scheduled Caste khatedar to a non-Scheduled Caste person void, and the Supreme Court upheld refusal of mutation on that basis. Co-holders are 'sahkhatedar', and Rajasthan's Apna Khata portal takes consensual partition applications from them. Buyers must check the seller's khatedari status, category and share before paying anything.
खातेदार खेती की ज़मीन के खाते का दर्ज धारक है; राजस्थान काश्तकारी अधिनियम 1955 में इसे खातेदार काश्तकार कहते हैं, और धारा 42 कुछ हस्तांतरणों (जैसे अनुसूचित जाति के खातेदार से गैर-अनुसूचित जाति को) को शून्य करती है। पैसा देने से पहले विक्रेता की खातेदारी, श्रेणी और हिस्सा जाँचें।
Differences between states
Rajasthan: statutory 'khatedar tenant' (Rajasthan Tenancy Act 1955). Haryana: a law-firm glossary uses 'khatedar' loosely for the owner of land as per revenue records. UP/Uttarakhand/Delhi use 'bhumidhar' for the comparable status.
Supreme Court, State of Rajasthan v. Aanjaney Organic Herbal (2012)
Rajasthan HC, Anandi Lal v. State (2025)
CAG audit report, Rajasthan, Hindi (official)
CAG audit report, Rajasthan (official)
Rajasthan Apna Khata, partition form (official)
Rajasthan Tenancy (Government) Rules 1955, Indian Kanoon
Secondary guide (commercial land portal)
Secondary guide (commercial land portal)
Law-firm report, Haryana RERA portal (secondary)
Khewat
Records and registers
खेवट Hindi
Also written: khewat number, khevat, khewat no., khewat khatauni
Ownership account number in the jamabandi grouping all plots of the same owner or co-owners.
Khewat is the ownership account number in the jamabandi: it groups all plots held by the same owner or the same set of co-owners in one entry, with their shares. Within the jamabandi the khatauni number identifies the cultivator/possessor and the khasra number identifies each plot. Housing.com treats khewat as another name for the khata number. When land is jointly held, the khewat entry shows who the co-owners are and their shares, which a buyer of a share must check.
खेवट जमाबंदी में मालिकाना खाता नंबर है, जिसमें एक मालिक या सह-मालिकों की ज़मीन उनके हिस्सों के साथ दर्ज होती है। साझा ज़मीन का हिस्सा खरीदने वाले को खेवट में सह-मालिक और हिस्से ज़रूर देखने चाहिए।
Differences between states
J&K revenue FAQ notes that when numbers change, old khewat/khata numbers are shown in red below the new ones. In UP, Delhi and Rajasthan the comparable account is called 'khata'.
Also written: khud kasht, khudkasht land, khud kashat
Land cultivated by the owner himself rather than by a tenant.
Housing.com defines khudkasht (khud kashat) as land cultivated by its owners themselves and not by tenants. The Rajasthan Tenancy (Government) Rules 1955 contain a rule on the procedure for ejectment of khudkasht and ghair khatedar tenants, showing the term also has a technical use in Rajasthan tenancy law. For a buyer, a khudkasht entry in the cultivation column indicates the recorded owner is shown as cultivating the land himself.
खुदकाश्त वह ज़मीन है जिस पर मालिक खुद खेती करता है, काश्तकार नहीं। राजस्थान काश्तकारी नियमों में भी यह शब्द तकनीकी अर्थ में आता है।
Differences between states
Rajasthan tenancy law uses 'khudkasht' in a technical sense whose statutory definition could not be opened here.
Rajasthan Tenancy (Government) Rules 1955, Indian Kanoon
Killa
Measurement units
Also written: kila, qila, killa number, kila number
A field block of about one acre in consolidated Punjab/Haryana villages; also its number in the records.
Killa (kila) is both a unit and a field number. In Punjab standard-measure areas one killa equals one acre or eight kanals (Wikipedia), and housing.com says a killa equals one acre and, if rectangular, can measure 220 ft by 198 ft. In Haryana records land is identified by killa numbers within a rectangle (mustil), and a Haryana law-firm glossary treats 'khasra or kila' as the identification number of every block. Buyers should check both the killa number and its area, since a killa may be split into fractions.
किला इकाई भी है और खेत का नंबर भी; पंजाब के मानक नाप में एक किला एक एकड़ (आठ कनाल) है। हरियाणा में खेत मुस्तिल के भीतर किला नंबर से पहचाना जाता है।
Differences between states
Punjab: killa within a murabba (square). Haryana: killa within a mustil (rectangle).
Size, where a source states it
Punjab, standard-measure areas: 1 killa = 1 acre = 8 kanal = 2 bigha (Wikipedia 'Measurement of land in Punjab'). Land converter ›
Laying out or measuring land in rectangles (killas).
Housing.com defines kilabandi (killabandi) as the rectangular measurement of land. It refers to land laid out and recorded in rectangular killas, as seen in Haryana records that identify land by rectangle (mustil) and killa numbers. Buyers in such villages should identify a field by both its rectangle and killa number.
किलाबंदी ज़मीन को आयताकार किलों में नापकर दर्ज करना है (हाउसिंग डॉट कॉम)। ऐसे गाँवों में खेत की पहचान मुस्तिल और किला नंबर दोनों से करें।
Also written: lagan, malguzari, land revenue, lagaan receipt
Land revenue (land tax) payable on agricultural land, and the receipt for paying it.
Lagaan is used for land revenue, the land tax payable to the state; housing.com glosses 'malguzari' (and 'jamaan') as land tax. A UP guide describes the lagaan receipt as an official acknowledgement that the annual land tax on a plot has been paid, and warns that unpaid dues follow the land. The Supreme Court has noted that revenue-record entries exist for the purpose of collecting land revenue, not to decide title.
लगान का अर्थ भू-राजस्व यानी ज़मीन पर राज्य को देय कर है, और लगान रसीद इसके जमा होने की पावती है। एक यूपी गाइड के अनुसार बकाया लगान ज़मीन के साथ नए मालिक पर आ सकता है।
Supreme Court, Suraj Bhan v. Financial Commissioner (2007)
Lal dora
Land classes
लाल डोरा Hindiएक्सटेंडेड लाल डोरा Hindi
Also written: laal dora, lal-dora, extended lal dora, lal dora abadi
Red line on revenue maps enclosing a village's inhabited abadi, separating it from farmland.
Lal dora is a red line drawn on revenue maps that separates the village population (abadi) from the surrounding agricultural land; Wikipedia says it was introduced in 1908. It allowed villagers to build houses inside it without the change-of-land-use permission otherwise needed. A Delhi guide warns that lal dora properties typically have no sanctioned building plans or occupation certificates and that many banks are reluctant to lend on them, and 'extended lal dora' describes growth just outside the original line with even weaker documentation. Buyers should verify ownership documents carefully and check for multiple sales or mortgages.
लाल डोरा राजस्व नक्शे की वह लाल रेखा है जो गाँव की आबादी को खेती की ज़मीन से अलग करती है। दिल्ली में ऐसी संपत्तियों के अक्सर स्वीकृत नक्शे नहीं होते और बैंक कर्ज़ देने से कतराते हैं, इसलिए कागज़ ध्यान से जाँचें।
Differences between states
Delhi: housing.com notes that Delhi's government issues a 'Lal Dora certificate' as proof of ownership in the abadi. Use in Punjab/Haryana villages is common but was not confirmed by a source we found.
UP and Uttarakhand name for the village land-records official (the patwari's counterpart).
Lekhpal is the name used in Uttar Pradesh and Uttarakhand for the village-level official who keeps land records, the counterpart of the patwari elsewhere (Wikipedia). UP guides describe the lekhpal as maintaining the shajra (village map) and doing the field verification on which the tehsildar decides a dakhil kharij (mutation). Buyers in UP deal with the lekhpal for khatauni copies, map updates and mutation verification.
लेखपाल यूपी और उत्तराखंड में पटवारी के समान भू-अभिलेख कर्मचारी है, जो शजरा रखता है और नामांतरण के लिए मौका-जाँच करता है। यूपी में खतौनी और नामांतरण के काम में खरीदार का सामना लेखपाल से होता है।
Differences between states
Hill areas of Uttarakhand use 'patwari' (with revenue-police duties), per Wikipedia; a Hindi Uttarakhand guide also uses 'पटवारी'.
Small area unit; 20 marlas make a kanal. Its size varied historically between districts.
Marla is a small land-area unit; 20 marlas make one kanal. Marla-kanal is the area notation in Haryana, Punjab, J&K, Ladakh and Chandigarh records. Its size depends on the length of the karam used in the local settlement, so it varied historically between Punjab districts, and Wikipedia notes that in India the marla was later commonly standardised to 25 sq yd while the older 30.25 sq yd marla is called the 'big marla'. Buyers should check which marla the record and the sale deed use.
मरला ज़मीन की छोटी इकाई है; 20 मरले का एक कनाल होता है। पुराने पंजाब के ज़िलों में मरले का आकार अलग-अलग था, इसलिए देखें कि अभिलेख किस मरले का है।
Differences between states
District-level differences in pre-1947 Punjab, as under Size below.
Size, where a source states it
Haryana: 1 marla = 30.25 sq yd (law-firm glossary filed on the Haryana RERA portal). Punjab, standard-measure areas: 1 marla = 9 sarsahi = 272.25 sq ft (Wikipedia 'Measurement of land in Punjab'). The same page says that in areas not settled on the standard measure the marla was historically 25 sq yd in Amritsar, Gurdaspur (except certain circles), Ferozepur (except Fazilka), Faridkot and Lahore; 22.96 sq yd in Hoshiarpur, Jalandhar, Anandpur Sahib and the Shahpur Hill Circle; and 20.25 sq yd in Kapurthala. Land converter ›
Used in: Haryana, Punjab, Jammu & Kashmir, Ladakh, Chandigarh
Also written: marusi, mourusi, maurusi muzara, occupancy tenant
A permanent (hereditary) cultivator-tenant entry in the cultivation column.
Housing.com glosses 'marusi' (maurusi) as a permanent cultivator. In Punjab law the related legal category is the tenant with a right of occupancy under sections 5 to 11 of the Punjab Tenancy Act 1887, while tenants without such rights may be ejected at the end of a term or year under sections 40 and 41. A maurusi entry in the cultivation column means someone other than the owner may have protected cultivating rights, which a buyer must resolve before purchase.
हाउसिंग डॉट कॉम मौरूसी को स्थायी काश्तकार बताता है; पंजाब काश्तकारी अधिनियम 1887 में इससे जुड़ी श्रेणी कब्ज़े के अधिकार वाले काश्तकार की है। काश्त कॉलम में मौरूसी प्रविष्टि हो तो खरीद से पहले उसे सुलझाएँ।
Differences between states
Punjab Tenancy Act 1887 does not itself use the word 'maurusi'; the link between the record word and the statutory 'occupancy tenant' is not stated in a source we found.
Also written: mouza, mauja, mauza village, revenue estate, revenue village
A revenue village (revenue estate) as a unit of land records.
Mauza is the term for a village as a unit of land records; housing.com glosses it as 'village', and a UP guide speaks of the shajra mapping every parcel in a mauza (revenue village). The Punjab Land Revenue Act 1887 defines an 'estate' as any area for which a separate record-of-rights has been made or which has been separately assessed to land revenue. Buyers should note that the revenue village (mauza) on the record may differ in name or boundary from the inhabited village or postal locality.
मौज़ा भू-अभिलेखों में राजस्व गाँव की इकाई है। अभिलेख वाला मौज़ा नाम या सीमा में बसे हुए गाँव से अलग हो सकता है।
Also written: misl haqiyat, misal haqiyat, missal haqiat, misl-haqiyat, missal haqiyat bandobast
The record-of-rights file prepared during a land settlement; later jamabandis are its amended editions.
Housing.com glosses missal (misal) haqiyat as the record of rights. The J&K revenue FAQ explains that the record prepared at the time of settlement is the record of rights, containing landholders' genealogy, field maps and details of rights and liabilities, and that the jamabandi is its amended later edition. A Himachal guide uses 'misl haqiyat' together with jamabandi for the record of rights. For long title chains, the settlement record is the starting point from which later jamabandis descend.
मिसल हकीयत बंदोबस्त के समय बना अधिकार-अभिलेख है, जिसमें वंशावली, नक्शे और अधिकार दर्ज होते हैं; बाद की जमाबंदियाँ इसी के संशोधित संस्करण हैं। लंबी मालिकाना कड़ी जाँचने में यह शुरुआती आधार है।
Differences between states
Usage in Punjab and Haryana is likely (housing.com's glossary covers north Indian records) but was not confirmed by a source we found.
Also written: murabbah, murrabba, murrabha, murabba number
A square block of 25 killas (acres) used in Punjab-type land layouts.
Murabba (square) is a block of land made up of 25 killas. Wikipedia gives 1 murabba = 25 killa = 25 acres for Punjab standard-measure areas, and housing.com describes a murrabha as a plot of 25 acres. In consolidated villages fields are identified by murabba and killa numbers. 'Murabbabandi' (laying land out in murabbas) was not found defined in a source we found.
मुरब्बा 25 किलों (25 एकड़) का वर्गाकार ब्लॉक है, जो पंजाब के मानक नाप में इस्तेमाल होता है। 'मुरब्बाबंदी' की परिभाषा किसी हमें मिले स्रोत में नहीं मिली।
Differences between states
Haryana records in our sources use 'mustil' (rectangle) with killa numbers rather than 'murabba'.
Size, where a source states it
Punjab, standard-measure areas: 1 murabba = 25 killa = 25 acres (Wikipedia 'Measurement of land in Punjab'). Land converter ›
Also written: mustatil, rectangle number, mustil number
Haryana records term for a rectangle (block) of land within which fields carry killa numbers.
A Haryana law-firm glossary defines 'mustil' as a rectangle, and Haryana due-diligence reports identify land as killa numbers 'of mustil' a given number (also written 'Rectangle No.'). The same glossary treats khasra or kila as the identification number of every block. A buyer in Haryana therefore needs both the mustil (rectangle) number and the killa number to pin down a field.
हरियाणा के अभिलेखों में मुस्तिल का अर्थ आयत (रेक्टैंगल) है, जिसके भीतर हर खेत का किला नंबर होता है। वहाँ खेत की पहचान के लिए मुस्तिल और किला नंबर दोनों चाहिए।
Differences between states
Punjab consolidated villages use comparable murabba/killa numbering (see 'murabba' and 'killa'); housing.com calls 'kilabandi' the rectangular measurement of land.
Also written: naib tahsildar, naib-tehsildar, naib tehseeldar
Deputy to the tehsildar, a revenue officer with delegated powers.
The naib tehsildar is the immediate subordinate of the tehsildar (Wikipedia); housing.com calls the post the assistant or deputy to the tehsildar. The Punjab Land Revenue Act 1887 (s.9) and the Delhi Land Revenue Act 1954 (s.8) provide for appointing naib-tahsildars alongside tahsildars, and the Rajasthan Land Revenue Act 1956 also refers to naib-tehsildars. In J&K a secondary guide says the naib tehsildar attests the fard intikhab before the tehsildar countersigns it.
नायब तहसीलदार तहसीलदार का सीधा अधीनस्थ राजस्व अधिकारी है। जम्मू-कश्मीर में वह फर्द इंतखाब तस्दीक करता है (एक निजी गाइड के अनुसार)।
Used in: Punjab, Rajasthan, Delhi, Jammu & Kashmir
A copy of a land record, usually the certified copy of the jamabandi or of a mutation order.
Nakal means a copy of a land-revenue record, most often the certified copy of the jamabandi or of a mutation (intkal/namantaran) order. Himachal's revenue department provides nakals of the record of rights through computerised land-record centres, and Rajasthan's Apna Khata portal offers 'jamabandi nakal' online. A secondary Rajasthan guide says courts and banks accept the stamped certified nakal from the patwari or tehsildar. Buyers should obtain a fresh certified nakal and match it against the seller's documents.
नकल किसी भू-अभिलेख की प्रति है, आमतौर पर जमाबंदी या इंतकाल/नामांतरण आदेश की प्रमाणित प्रति। खरीदार को ताज़ा प्रमाणित नकल लेकर विक्रेता के कागज़ों से मिलानी चाहिए।
Differences between states
Rajasthan and HP use 'nakal' for the jamabandi copy; a Haryana guide speaks of 'mutation nakal'; Punjab/J&K more often say 'fard' for the jamabandi extract.
Used in: Rajasthan, Himachal Pradesh, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh
HP Govt, District Kinnaur land-records page (official)
Rajasthan Revenue Dept, Apna Khata (official)
Secondary guide (commercial land portal)
Secondary guide (commercial land portal)
Secondary guide (commercial land portal)
Housing.com (secondary)
Secondary guide (commercial land portal)
Nali
Measurement unitsLess certain
Also written: naali, nalli, nali unit
Small hill land unit used in Uttarakhand.
Nali is a land-area unit used in Uttarakhand, especially in the hills. Wikipedia gives a size for one nali, and housing.com gives a bigha-to-nali ratio for Uttarakhand, but the two figures do not agree with Wikipedia's own hill-bigha size. Buyers should get the area converted from the khatauni by the local revenue office and stated in square metres in the deed.
नाली उत्तराखंड, खासकर पहाड़ों में, ज़मीन की इकाई है, पर इसके आकार पर स्रोत सहमत नहीं हैं। विलेख में रकबा वर्ग मीटर में भी लिखवाएँ।
Size, where a source states it
Uttarakhand: 1 nali = 2,160 sq ft (Wikipedia 'Bigha'). Uttarakhand: 1 bigha = 12 nali (housing.com). These conflict with Wikipedia's Uttarakhand hill bigha of 6,806.25 sq ft; treat both as unverified. Land converter ›
Also written: naamantaran, namaantaran, namantaran mutation
Hindi word for mutation, the standard term on Rajasthan's land-record portal.
Namantaran is the Hindi word for mutation, literally a change of name in the land record. Rajasthan's Apna Khata portal takes online applications for namantaran of agricultural land records and lets users track mutations, and a UP Hindi guide uses it alongside dakhil kharij. In a Rajasthan case the Supreme Court upheld refusal of mutation where the underlying sale was void under section 42 of the Rajasthan Tenancy Act. Buyers should apply for namantaran promptly after registration and keep the order, while remembering that mutation does not by itself prove title.
नामांतरण म्यूटेशन का हिंदी शब्द है; राजस्थान का अपना खाता पोर्टल इसके ऑनलाइन आवेदन लेता है। धारा 42 में शून्य बिक्री पर सुप्रीम कोर्ट ने नामांतरण से इनकार सही माना, और नामांतरण अपने-आप में मालिकाना हक़ का सबूत नहीं है।
Differences between states
Rajasthan: 'namantaran' is the portal term. UP: used with 'dakhil kharij'. Punjab-type records: 'intkal'.
Used in: Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir
Also written: numberdar, lambardar, lumberdar, nambardaar
Village headman linked to land-revenue collection; often a witness in revenue work.
The nambardar (numberdar, lambardar) is a village headman whose office originated in land-revenue collection (Wikipedia; housing.com glosses the word as 'village headman'). Wikipedia says 'numberdar' is the term in the land-revenue laws of Punjab, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Delhi, Uttarakhand and Uttar Pradesh, while 'lambardar' is used in Jammu & Kashmir legislation. A Punjab guide says girdawari is done in the presence of the village numberdar and other witnesses. Buyers often meet the nambardar as an identifier or witness in mutation and registration work.
नम्बरदार (लम्बरदार) गाँव का मुखिया है, जिसका पद भू-राजस्व वसूली से जुड़ा रहा है। इंतकाल और रजिस्ट्री में वह अक्सर पहचानकर्ता या गवाह होता है।
Differences between states
Spelling and statutory term differ by state, as above (Wikipedia).
Also written: nazool, najul, nazul land, nazool bhoomi
Government-owned land, typically urban land given on lease.
Housing.com defines najul (nazul) as land belonging to the government. A UP guide describes nazool land as state-owned urban land leased to individuals or institutions, where the occupant holds lease rights and not ownership. Buyers of a nazul plot are buying rights under a government lease, so the lease terms and any permission needed to transfer must be checked with the authority concerned.
नज़ूल सरकार की ज़मीन है, जो अक्सर शहरों में पट्टे पर दी जाती है। नज़ूल भूखंड का खरीदार असल में पट्टे के अधिकार खरीदता है, इसलिए शर्तें और हस्तांतरण की अनुमति जाँचें।
Nehri (nahri) is the land class for land irrigated by a canal, per housing.com, which also lists 'chahi nahri' for land irrigated partly from canal and partly from well. It appears as a land class in jamabandi entries, for example in Himachal records. Buyers should check that canal irrigation shown in the record still exists on the ground.
नहरी वह ज़मीन है जिसकी सिंचाई नहर से होती है। खरीदार देखे कि रिकॉर्ड वाली नहरी सिंचाई मौके पर अब भी है।
Also written: patwaari, patvari, patwari halqa, village accountant
Village-level revenue official who keeps the land records of one or more villages.
The patwari is the village-level revenue official who maintains the land records of a circle of one or more villages: the jamabandi, the khasra girdawari, the village map and the register of mutations. The Rajasthan Land Revenue Act 1956 (s.31) provides for patwaris to maintain and correct the annual registers and records, and the Punjab Land Revenue Act 1887 (s.34) requires anyone acquiring rights in land to report it to the patwari, who enters it in his register of mutations. Wikipedia notes that in the hill areas of Uttarakhand patwaris also act as 'revenue police'. Buyers deal with the patwari for copies, mutation entries and field verification, but the patwari's entries are subject to attestation by higher revenue officers.
पटवारी गाँव-स्तर का राजस्व कर्मचारी है जो जमाबंदी, गिरदावरी, नक्शा और इंतकाल रजिस्टर रखता है। खरीदार नकल, इंतकाल और मौका-जाँच के लिए पटवारी से मिलता है, पर उसकी प्रविष्टियाँ ऊँचे अधिकारियों की तस्दीक के अधीन हैं।
Differences between states
UP and Uttarakhand (plains) use 'lekhpal' for the equivalent post (Wikipedia). A Haryana law-firm glossary defines the patwari as the government employee who keeps all revenue records connected with the land of one or more villages.
Punjab Land Revenue Act 1887, PLRS copy (official)
Delhi Land Revenue Act 1954, Indian Kanoon
Wikipedia (tertiary)
Law-firm report, Haryana RERA portal (secondary)
J&K Revenue Dept, LRIS FAQ (official)
HP Govt, District Kinnaur land-records page (official)
Secondary guide (commercial land portal)
Secondary guide (commercial land portal)
R
Rehan
Documents
Also written: rahan, rehen, rehannama, rahin, rehan bil qabza
Mortgage of land, typically recorded as a charge in the jamabandi remarks.
Rehan means a mortgage of land. Housing.com defines 'rehan' as a mortgage with possession and 'rahin' as a mortgage deed, and a Haryana guide lists mortgage (rehan) among mutation types. Mortgages, court stays and pending claims are flagged in the remarks column of the jamabandi, which a buyer must read.
रहन का अर्थ ज़मीन गिरवी रखना है, और यह इंतकाल का एक प्रकार है। गिरवी व अदालती रोक जमाबंदी के टिप्पणी कॉलम में दिखती हैं, जिसे खरीदार को पढ़ना चाहिए।
Also written: roznamcha waqiati, rojnamcha, roznamchah, rapat roznamcha
The patwari's daily diary of land events in the village (sales, orders, partitions, notices).
A Punjab guide describes the roznamcha (roznamcha waqiati) as the patwari's daily diary of land events in a village, kept under the Punjab land-revenue system. Entries record events such as sales and transfers, court orders and attachments, family partitions and government notifications, each with a serial (rapat) number and date. Because the jamabandi is rewritten only periodically, the guide advises buyers to check the roznamcha for recent events not yet reflected in the jamabandi.
एक पंजाब गाइड के अनुसार रोज़नामचा पटवारी की रोज़ाना डायरी है, जिसमें बिक्री, अदालती आदेश, बँटवारे और सरकारी सूचनाएँ दर्ज होती हैं। जमाबंदी में अभी न चढ़ी हाल की घटनाएँ जानने के लिए इसे देखना उपयोगी है।
Differences between states
Housing.com glosses 'rapat' as 'mutation', whereas the Punjab guide uses 'rapat number' for the serial number of a roznamcha entry; the two sources do not agree.
Also written: samparivartan, conversion, land conversion, 90-A, 90A, section 90-A, CLU, change of land use
Conversion of agricultural land to a non-agricultural use with government permission (Rajasthan s.90-A).
Sanparivartan means conversion of agricultural land to non-agricultural use. Section 90-A of the Rajasthan Land Revenue Act 1956 says no person holding land for agriculture shall use it for any other purpose except with the written permission of the State Government obtained in the manner laid down. CAG audit reports on Rajasthan examine conversion and regularisation by khatedars, and the Rajasthan High Court has dealt with regularisation of land already used without permission under sections 90-A/90-B (Bhanwar Singh, 2022). Buyers of plots carved out of farmland should confirm that conversion was granted for that exact khasra.
संपरिवर्तन का अर्थ खेती की ज़मीन को गैर-कृषि उपयोग में बदलना है; राजस्थान भू-राजस्व अधिनियम की धारा 90-ए के तहत इसके लिए राज्य सरकार की लिखित अनुमति चाहिए। खेती की ज़मीन से काटे गए भूखंड के खरीदार को उसी खसरे का संपरिवर्तन आदेश जाँचना चाहिए।
Differences between states
Rajasthan: s.90-A Rajasthan Land Revenue Act 1956. Punjab, Uttarakhand and Delhi guides refer to a CLU (change of land use) certificate; Uttarakhand guides also cite a 'Section 143' conversion, which was not verified against the statute.
Sarsahi (sarsai) is the square of one karam, the smallest unit in the Punjab kanal-marla system; nine sarsahi make one marla. Wikipedia gives its size for Punjab standard-measure areas, and housing.com gives the same figure without naming a place.
सरसाही एक करम का वर्ग है और नौ सरसाही का एक मरला होता है। यह पंजाब की कनाल-मरला प्रणाली की सबसे छोटी इकाई है।
Size, where a source states it
Punjab, standard-measure areas: 1 sarsahi = 1 square karam = 30.25 sq ft; 9 sarsahi = 1 marla (Wikipedia 'Measurement of land in Punjab'). Land converter ›
Also written: seemagyan, seema-gyan, sima gyan, demarcation
Rajasthan term for getting the boundaries of one's land demarcated by revenue staff.
Seema gyan ('knowledge of boundary') is the Rajasthan term used on the Apna Khata portal for an application to have the boundaries of one's land demarcated; the form asks for the village, the khata number and the patwar area headquarters. Revenue officers' powers to demarcate boundaries exist in other states too, for example section 101 of the Punjab Land Revenue Act 1887 (power to define boundaries) and the boundary-mark duties of bhumidhars and the Gaon Sabha in the Delhi Land Revenue Act 1954. Buyers should get the boundaries demarcated before paying in full, especially where neighbours dispute the line.
सीमा ज्ञान राजस्थान में अपनी ज़मीन का सीमांकन करवाने का आवेदन है, जो अपना खाता पोर्टल पर होता है। पूरा भुगतान करने से पहले सीमा ज्ञान करवा लेना चाहिए, खासकर सीमा-विवाद में।
Differences between states
Rajasthan: 'seema gyan'. Punjab: s.101 Punjab Land Revenue Act 1887. Delhi: boundary marks under the Delhi Land Revenue Act 1954. The words 'hadbandi' and 'nishandehi' (often used for demarcation) were not found defined in a source we found.
Punjab Land Revenue Act 1887, PLRS copy (official)
Delhi Land Revenue Act 1954, Indian Kanoon
Shajra
Records and registers
शजरा Hindi
Also written: shajra kishtwar, shijra, village shajra, shajra map, naksha
The village cadastral map showing every field with its khasra number, shape and boundaries.
Shajra is the village field map kept by the patwari (lekhpal in UP), showing every parcel with its khasra number, shape, boundary lines and neighbouring plots. Housing.com calls the shajra a detailed village map and the 'shajra kishtwar' an updated version of the original map. Himachal's revenue portal shows plot-wise settlement/consolidation maps, and digital village maps are published on state Bhu-Naksha portals. Buyers compare the shajra, or a copy of it (aks shajra), with the plot on the ground to confirm its shape and neighbours.
शजरा गाँव का खेतवार नक्शा है, जिसे पटवारी (यूपी में लेखपाल) रखता है और जिसमें हर भूखंड का खसरा नंबर, आकार और सीमा दिखती है। खरीदार शजरा या उसकी नकल को मौके से मिलाकर भूखंड की आकृति पक्की करता है।
Differences between states
UP: maintained by the lekhpal (secondary). Housing.com also lists 'musavi' (original map), 'latha' (cloth copy of the patwari's map) and 'shajra parcha' (cloth/paper used by patwaris to draw maps) without naming states; these were not separately confirmed.
Also written: shajra nasb, shajra-nasab, shijra nasab, pedigree table
Pedigree table of the landowners of a village showing how ownership passed by succession.
Shajra nasab is the pedigree (family-tree) table of the landowners of a revenue estate, showing succession to ownership rights over time. Himachal's revenue department publishes it together with the jamabandi as the record of rights, and the J&K revenue FAQ says it shows the landholders' genealogy with special symbols for deceased, absent or female heirs. Buyers of inherited or jointly held land use it to see whether every heir holding a share has been accounted for.
शजरा नस्ब गाँव के ज़मीन-मालिकों का वंशवृक्ष है, जिससे पता चलता है कि मालिकाना हक़ विरासत से कैसे आगे बढ़ा। विरासत वाली ज़मीन के खरीदार को इससे देखना चाहिए कि सभी हिस्सेदार वारिस गिने गए हैं।
Differences between states
Housing.com lists shajra nasab without naming states; Punjab and Haryana usage is likely but was not confirmed by a source we found.
HP Govt, District Kinnaur land-records page (official)
HP Revenue Dept (official)
J&K Revenue Dept, LRIS FAQ (official)
Housing.com (secondary)
Secondary guide (commercial land portal)
Secondary guide (commercial land portal)
Shamlat deh
Ownership and tenure
Also written: shamlat, shamilat, shamilat deh, shamlat land
Village common land in Punjab-type records, held for common village purposes.
The Supreme Court in Jagpal Singh v. State of Punjab (2011) listed 'shamlat deh (in Punjab etc.)' among the village common lands that also go by names such as gram sabha or gram panchayat land in many north Indian states. Such commons serve village needs such as ponds, grazing grounds, threshing floors, paths and cremation grounds. The Court held that encroachments on such land cannot be regularised however long-standing, so buyers should not buy land recorded as shamlat or carved out of it.
शामलात देह पंजाब आदि में गाँव की साझा ज़मीन है, जो तालाब, चरागाह, रास्ते और श्मशान जैसी ज़रूरतों के लिए होती है। सुप्रीम कोर्ट के अनुसार इस पर अतिक्रमण नियमित नहीं हो सकता, इसलिए ऐसी ज़मीन न खरीदें।
Differences between states
Punjab: 'shamlat deh'. Many north Indian states: gram sabha / gram panchayat land (see 'gaon sabha land'). Rajasthan: pasture is recorded as charagah. HP and Haryana usage of 'shamlat' is likely but was not confirmed by a source we found.
Supreme Court, Jagpal Singh v. State of Punjab (2011)
Sivay chak
Land classes
Also written: sivaychak, siwai chak, siwaichak, sawai chak, sivai chak
Unoccupied culturable government land in Rajasthan.
Rule 7 of the Rajasthan Tenancy (Government) Rules 1955 uses 'Sawai Chak' for 'unoccupied culturable Government land', to which the Collector may in prescribed cases change the classification of pasture land for agricultural or non-agricultural allotment. Under section 88 of the Rajasthan Land Revenue Act 1956, lands that are not the property of individuals are the property of the State, and under section 91 anyone occupying land without lawful authority is a trespasser who may be summarily evicted. A buyer should therefore never pay for land recorded as sivay chak unless a lawful allotment to the seller is documented.
सिवाय चक (सवाई चक) राजस्थान में बिना कब्ज़े वाली खेती-योग्य सरकारी ज़मीन है; बिना वैध अधिकार उस पर कब्ज़ा करने वाला अतिक्रमी है। वैध आवंटन के कागज़ के बिना ऐसी ज़मीन का पैसा न दें।
Rajasthan Tenancy (Government) Rules 1955, Indian Kanoon
Rajasthan Land Revenue Act 1956, Indian Kanoon
T
Taqseem
Processes
Also written: taqsim, takseem, taksim, taqseem mutation, vibhajan, partition
Partition: dividing a jointly held holding so each co-owner gets a separate recorded share.
Taqseem means partition, the division of a jointly held holding among its co-owners so that each gets a separate share. Under Chapter IX of the Punjab Land Revenue Act 1887 revenue officers hear partition applications, and the proceedings end with an instrument of partition (s.121); a Haryana guide lists partition (taqseem) among the types of mutation that then enter the record. In Rajasthan the Apna Khata portal accepts online applications for consensual partition (सहमति विभाजन) among co-khatedars, supported by a partition agreement. Buyers of land held jointly should check whether a partition has been completed and recorded.
तकसीम का अर्थ बँटवारा है, यानी साझा जोत को सह-मालिकों में अलग-अलग हिस्सों में बाँटना; पंजाब कानून में यह बँटवारा-पत्र पर पूरी होती है और राजस्थान में अपना खाता पर 'सहमति विभाजन' का आवेदन होता है। साझा ज़मीन के खरीदार को देखना चाहिए कि बँटवारा पूरा होकर दर्ज हुआ है।
Differences between states
Punjab/Haryana: 'taqseem' under the Punjab Land Revenue Act 1887. Rajasthan: the portal word is 'vibhajan' (विभाजन), with 'sahmati vibhajan' for partition by consent. Housing.com also lists 'bahissa barabar' (equal division of land).
Punjab Land Revenue Act 1887, PLRS copy (official)
Punjab Land Revenue Act 1887, CaseMine copy
Secondary guide (commercial land portal)
Rajasthan Apna Khata, partition form (official)
Housing.com (secondary)
Tatima
Documents
तातिमा Hindiतातिमा शजरा Hindi
Also written: tatimma, tatima shajra, tatima survey, tatima number
Sub-division of a field after division, and the map/sketch drawn for that sub-divided plot.
Housing.com defines tatima as the division of a plot and 'tatima shajra' as the map prepared after a plot is divided. A Punjab guide describes tatima as a measured boundary sketch of a specific plot drawn from the village shajra kept by the patwari, also called aks shajra, and recommends a fresh one for each transaction. A Himachal guide lists tatima as a local name for the plot boundary map. Buyers of part of a field should check that the sub-division has been mapped and numbered.
तातिमा का अर्थ किसी खेत का बँटवारा और उसके बाद बने भूखंड का नक्शा/स्केच है; स्रोत इसके सटीक अर्थ पर पूरी तरह सहमत नहीं हैं। खेत का हिस्सा खरीदने वाले को देखना चाहिए कि बँटवारे का नक्शा और नंबर बना है।
Differences between states
Sources differ: housing.com ties tatima to division of a plot; the Punjab guide equates it with aks shajra; the HP guide uses it for the plot boundary map.
Revenue officer in charge of a tehsil, who attests records and decides mutations.
The tehsildar is the land-revenue officer in charge of a tehsil (sub-division of a district), who also acts as an executive magistrate (Wikipedia). Under the Punjab Land Revenue Act 1887 (s.9) and the Delhi Land Revenue Act 1954 (s.8) the government appoints tahsildars and naib-tahsildars. The J&K revenue FAQ says the tehsildar performs the final check and attestation of the jamabandi, and guides for Haryana, Rajasthan and UP say the tehsildar approves mutations and issues certified copies. Rajasthan's Apna Khata portal tells users to contact the tehsildar for certified information.
तहसीलदार तहसील का भू-राजस्व अधिकारी है, जो जमाबंदी की तस्दीक करता है, इंतकाल/नामांतरण मंज़ूर करता है और प्रमाणित नकल देता है। प्रमाणित जानकारी के लिए तहसीलदार कार्यालय ही सही जगह है।
Punjab Land Revenue Act 1887, PLRS copy (official)
Delhi Land Revenue Act 1954, Indian Kanoon
J&K Revenue Dept, LRIS FAQ (official)
Secondary guide (commercial land portal)
Secondary guide (commercial land portal)
Secondary guide (commercial land portal)
Rajasthan Revenue Dept, Apna Khata (official)
Secondary guide (commercial land portal)
Secondary guide (commercial land portal)
V
Varasat
Processes
विरासत Hindi
Also written: virasat, warasat, varasat intkal, virasat mutation, varsal
Inheritance; the mutation that records legal heirs after a recorded owner dies.
Varasat (virasat) means inheritance, and in land records it names the mutation that enters the legal heirs after a recorded owner dies. Housing.com glosses 'virasat' as inheritance and 'varsal' as mutation upon death or through a will, and a Haryana guide lists inheritance (varasat) among mutation types. Buyers buying from heirs should check that the varasat mutation has been attested and includes every heir with a share.
विरासत का अर्थ उत्तराधिकार है; भू-अभिलेख में यह वह इंतकाल है जिससे मृत मालिक के वारिसों के नाम चढ़ते हैं। वारिसों से खरीदते समय देखें कि विरासत इंतकाल में हर हिस्सेदार वारिस शामिल है।
Meaning from a reputable source; some details from secondary sources.
Less certain
Less certain — usage varies or sources are thin. Check locally.
Compiled 1 October 2026. Compiled on 1 October 2026 from state revenue department glossaries and manuals, land revenue Acts and codes, official land-record portals, court judgments and, where marked, reputable secondary sources. Every meaning is tied to the sources listed with it.
Independent, not a government body. AgriZameen is an independent platform and is not affiliated with any government department. These meanings are for understanding land records; they are not legal advice. Words and unit sizes vary from place to place — confirm what a word means in your record with the patwari, the tehsil or a licensed advocate. AgriZameen एक स्वतंत्र मंच है, किसी सरकारी विभाग से संबद्ध नहीं। यह क़ानूनी सलाह नहीं है।
स्वतंत्र प्लेटफ़ॉर्म — किसी सरकारी विभाग से संबद्ध नहीं। AgriZameen is an independent platform and is not a government body, nor affiliated with any state land-records department. पूरा पढ़ें · read the full disclosure
Verify every land record yourself on the official state portal (.gov.in / .nic.in) before you transact. Nothing here is legal, tax or investment advice, and no returns are guaranteed — consult a qualified advocate and a chartered accountant for your own situation. Listings carry seller-declared information; AgriZameen does not warrant title, area or encumbrance status. Reviewed August 2026 · Privacy Policy · Grievance Officer & contact