पूर्व और पूर्वोत्तर भारत — ज़मीन के रिकॉर्ड के शब्द, आसान हिंदी और अंग्रेज़ी में
92 words that buyers and sellers meet on land records in Bihar, Jharkhand, West Bengal, Odisha, Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Sikkim, Tripura, Andaman & Nicobar Islands — what each one is, who keeps it, and why it matters before you buy. Meanings are given in English and Hindi, with the sources each comes from.
Sharecropping system; the cultivator delivers a share or quantity of the produce.
Adhi is a sharecropping system. Assam's 1971 tenancy Act counts as a tenant a person who, under the system generally known as 'Adhi' (whether Guchiadhi or Gutiadhi), 'barga', 'chukti', 'bhag' or 'chukani', cultivates another's land on condition of delivering a share or quantity of the produce. Tripura and West Bengal laws also name 'adhi' with barga and bhag. Such cultivators can have statutory protection, so a buyer should check for them.
आधी एक बटाई व्यवस्था है। असम के 1971 के काश्तकारी कानून में 'आधी' (गुचिआधी या गुटिआधी), 'बर्गा', 'चुक्ति', 'भाग' या 'चुकानी' में उपज का हिस्सा देकर खेती करने वाले को काश्तकार माना गया है। त्रिपुरा और पश्चिम बंगाल के कानूनों में भी 'आधी' का ज़िक्र है।
Differences between states
Assam: Assam (Temporarily Settled Areas) Tenancy Act, 1971. Tripura: 'under-raiyat' in the TLR&LR Act, 1960. West Bengal: definition of bargadar in the WBLR Act, 1955.
Indian Kanoon - text of Assam (Temporarily Settled Areas) Tenancy Act, 1971
Indian Kanoon - text of Tripura Land Revenue and Land Reforms Act, 1960
Indian Kanoon - text of West Bengal Land Reforms Act, 1955
Akhing
Ownership and tenure
Also written: a'king, aking, akhing land
Garo Hills clan or community land held under the custody of a Nokma.
An Akhing is Garo Hills land held by a clan (machong) under the custody of its head, the Nokma, recognised by the District Council, or land held collectively by a village community under a recognised Nokma. The Meghalaya High Court notes it is normally jhum land owned by a village community and that there are four types of Akhing. Succession follows the matrilineal system, and new Nokmas are entered in District Council records. A buyer should not treat Akhing land as an individual's saleable property.
आखिंग गारो हिल्स की कुल (मचोंग) या ग्राम-समुदाय की ज़मीन है, जो नोकमा की देखरेख में रहती है और ज़िला परिषद से मान्य होती है। आम तौर पर यह झूम खेती की सामुदायिक ज़मीन है। इसका उत्तराधिकार मातृवंशीय व्यवस्था से चलता है। इसे किसी एक व्यक्ति की बिकाऊ ज़मीन न समझें।
Meghalaya High Court, judgment of 11 Mar 2019 (via Indian Kanoon)
Indian Kanoon - s.2, Garo Hills Autonomous District Cattle Taxation Regulation, 1966
Amin
People and posts
अमीन Hindi
Also written: ameen
Revenue surveyor who measures and demarcates land and prepares sketch maps.
An amin is field-level revenue staff responsible for land measurement, demarcation, map preparation and verification (Bihar). In Odisha, Amins are directed in demarcation cases to demarcate plots in the field and report with a sketch map, and their reports are relied on in disputes. A buyer can apply for an official measurement by the amin.
अमीन राजस्व विभाग का कर्मचारी है जो ज़मीन की नापी, सीमांकन, नक्शा बनाना और सत्यापन करता है। ओडिशा में सीमांकन मामलों में अमीन मौके पर नापकर स्केच-मैप के साथ रिपोर्ट देता है। खरीदार सरकारी अमीन से नापी करा सकता है।
Revenue and Land Reforms Department, Government of Bihar (Bihar Bhumi) - Revenue Glossary
Orissa High Court, judgment of 14 Aug 2023 (via Indian Kanoon)
Anchal
Offices
अंचल Hindi
Also written: circle, revenue circle
Revenue circle: the sub-divisional unit where land records and mutation are handled.
An anchal is a revenue circle covering several halkas and villages; it is where mutation, LPC, rent and records are handled under the Circle Officer. In Assam, land records are also organised by revenue circle, each under a Circle Officer. A buyer will deal with the circle office for record copies and mutation.
अंचल राजस्व सर्किल है जिसमें कई हल्के और गाँव आते हैं; यहीं अंचलाधिकारी के अधीन दाखिल-खारिज, LPC, लगान और रिकॉर्ड का काम होता है। असम में भी रिकॉर्ड 'रेवेन्यू सर्किल' के हिसाब से रखे जाते हैं। खरीदार को नकल और दाखिल-खारिज के लिए अंचल कार्यालय जाना होता है।
Revenue and Land Reforms Department, Government of Bihar (Bihar Bhumi) - Revenue Glossary
Gauhati High Court, judgment of 20 Sep 2024 (via Indian Kanoon)
District Administration Biswanath, Government of Assam
Annual patta
Ownership and tenure
Also written: eksonia patta, eksonia, AP, annual lease, short lease patta
In Assam, a one-year settlement with restricted rights; can be converted to periodic patta.
Assam's settlement rules define an annual lease as a lease for one year only that confers no right in the soil beyond use for that year. The Revenue Department describes annual patta land as settled for one year mostly in villages, or three years mostly in towns (short lease patta), with restricted transfer rights. Holders can apply to the Circle Officer to convert it to periodic patta. A buyer should not treat annual-patta land as freely saleable.
असम में वार्षिक (एकसोनिया) पट्टा एक साल के लिए दिया गया बंदोबस्त है, जिससे उस साल के उपयोग के अलावा ज़मीन पर कोई अधिकार नहीं मिलता। गाँव में यह आम तौर पर एक साल और शहर में तीन साल (शॉर्ट लीज़) का होता है, और इसके हस्तांतरण पर रोक है। इसे सर्किल ऑफिसर के पास आवेदन देकर मियादी पट्टे में बदला जा सकता है। खरीदार इसे खुलकर बिकने वाली ज़मीन न समझे।
Indian Kanoon - text of Rules under the Assam Land and Revenue Regulation, 1886
Revenue & Disaster Management Department, Government of Assam (conversion of Annual Patta)
Sewa Setu, Government of Assam
Gauhati High Court, judgment of 20 Sep 2024 (via Indian Kanoon)
Secondary guide (commercial land portal)
Article 371A
Other words
Also written: 371A, Art. 371A
Constitutional provision: Parliament's land laws apply in Nagaland only if its Assembly agrees.
Article 371A(1)(a) of the Constitution says no Act of Parliament on Naga religious or social practices, Naga customary law and procedure, related justice administration, or ownership and transfer of land and its resources applies to Nagaland unless the Nagaland Legislative Assembly so decides by resolution. Land in Nagaland is therefore closely tied to Naga customary law. A buyer should take local legal advice on community and customary rights.
संविधान का अनुच्छेद 371A(1)(a) कहता है कि नागा रीति-रिवाज, नागा प्रथागत कानून और ज़मीन व उसके संसाधनों के स्वामित्व व हस्तांतरण पर संसद का कोई कानून नागालैंड में तभी लागू होगा जब नागालैंड विधानसभा प्रस्ताव पास करे। इसलिए वहाँ ज़मीन के मामलों में स्थानीय कानूनी सलाह लें।
Constitution of India, Article 371A (via Indian Kanoon)
B
Bakasht
Land classes
बकास्त Hindi
Also written: bakast
Land under the landlord's personal cultivation when the Bihar Land Reforms Act, 1950 came into force.
Bakasht is land that was under the personal cultivation of the landlord at the time the Bihar Land Reforms Act, 1950 came into effect. It sits alongside 'sir' land, which the zamindar had reserved for personal cultivation. A buyer seeing 'bakasht' in an old record should trace how the land was later recorded and settled.
बकास्त वह ज़मीन है जो 1950 के बिहार भूमि सुधार कानून लागू होते समय ज़मींदार की निजी खेती में थी। इसके साथ 'सीर' ज़मीन भी आती है। पुराने रिकॉर्ड में बकास्त दिखे तो खरीदार देखे कि बाद में ज़मीन किस रूप में दर्ज हुई।
Revenue and Land Reforms Department, Government of Bihar (Bihar Bhumi) - Revenue Glossary
Banglarbhumi
Other wordsLess certain
Also written: Banglar Bhumi, banglarbhumi.gov.in
West Bengal's official land-records portal.
Banglarbhumi (banglarbhumi.gov.in) is West Bengal's land records portal. A secondary guide describes it as the place to view khatian and plot (dag) information and to use an RS-LR lookup to convert an old sabek dag to the current hal dag; the portal page itself references land conversion. A buyer can use it for a first check before getting certified copies from the BL&LRO.
बांग्लारभूमि पश्चिम बंगाल का आधिकारिक भू-अभिलेख पोर्टल है। इस पर खतियान और दाग की जानकारी और पुराने (साबेक) दाग को नए (हाल) दाग से मिलाने की सुविधा बताई गई है। प्रमाणित नकल BL&LRO दफ्तर से लें।
A sharecropper who cultivates another's land and delivers a share of the produce.
Section 2 of the West Bengal Land Reforms Act, 1955 defines a bargadar as a person who, under the system known as adhi, barga or bhag, cultivates another person's land on condition of delivering a share of the produce. West Bengal's Operation Barga drive recorded bargadars and gave them legal protection against eviction (secondary source). A buyer should check whether a bargadar is recorded on the plot, since that cultivator has protected rights.
बर्गादार वह बटाईदार है जो 'आधी, बर्गा या भाग' व्यवस्था में दूसरे की ज़मीन जोतता है और उपज का हिस्सा देता है (पश्चिम बंगाल भूमि सुधार कानून, 1955)। 'ऑपरेशन बर्गा' में बर्गादारों का नाम दर्ज किया गया और उन्हें बेदखली से सुरक्षा मिली। खरीदार देखे कि प्लॉट पर कोई बर्गादार दर्ज तो नहीं।
Differences between states
Tripura: the TLR&LR Act's 'under-raiyat' includes a person cultivating under 'bhag', 'adhi' or 'barga'. Assam: the 1971 tenancy Act's 'tenant' includes cultivation under 'barga'.
Indian Kanoon - text of West Bengal Land Reforms Act, 1955
Wikipedia (secondary)
Indian Kanoon - text of Tripura Land Revenue and Land Reforms Act, 1960
Indian Kanoon - text of Assam (Temporarily Settled Areas) Tenancy Act, 1971
Bastu
Land classes
Also written: bastu land
Homestead (residential) class of land in West Bengal records.
Bastu is the homestead class in West Bengal records. The Calcutta High Court has dealt with plots recorded in CS and RS records as 'Bastu' and 'Bhitti', and with conversion of land from 'Bans Bagan' to 'Bastu' under Section 4C of the West Bengal Land Reforms Act, 1955. A buyer who wants to build should check the recorded class and whether conversion has been allowed.
बास्तु पश्चिम बंगाल के रिकॉर्ड में आवासीय (घर वाली) ज़मीन की श्रेणी है। दूसरी श्रेणी की ज़मीन को बास्तु में बदलने के लिए पश्चिम बंगाल भूमि सुधार कानून, 1955 की धारा 4C में अनुमति लेनी होती है। घर बनाने से पहले खरीदार श्रेणी और रूपांतरण की स्थिति जाँचे।
Differences between states
Other West Bengal classes seen in court records include 'Shali', 'Doba', 'Pukur', 'Bhitti' and 'Bans Bagan'; a secondary guide also lists 'Danga' and 'Bagan'. Their meanings were not defined in the our sources.
Calcutta High Court, judgment of 12 Dec 2022 (via Indian Kanoon)
National Green Tribunal, order of 30 Jul 2025 on a West Bengal plot (via Indian Kanoon)
Secondary guide (commercial land portal)
Batai
Ownership and tenure
बटाई Hindi
Crop-sharing arrangement where produce is shared between owner and cultivator.
Batai is a crop-sharing system in which the produce is shared between the landowner and the cultivator. A buyer should ask whether the land is under batai cultivation, since the cultivator may be in possession.
बटाई फसल-बँटवारे की व्यवस्था है जिसमें उपज ज़मीन-मालिक और खेती करने वाले के बीच बँटती है। खरीदार पूछे कि ज़मीन बटाई पर तो नहीं, क्योंकि तब कब्ज़ा जोतने वाले के पास हो सकता है।
Revenue and Land Reforms Department, Government of Bihar (Bihar Bhumi) - Revenue Glossary
Bhag chas
Ownership and tenure
Also written: bhag-chas, bhagchas
Odisha sharecropping; a 'bhag' tenant pays a share or fixed quantity of produce.
Bhag chas is sharecropping in Odisha. An Orissa High Court judgment records an application under the Orissa Land Reforms Act for a declaration of 'bhag-chas rights', and quotes a definition of tenant as a person who cultivates another's land under the system generally known as 'Bhag', 'Sanja' or 'Kata', paying either a share of the produce or a fixed quantity irrespective of yield. A buyer should check for recorded tenants before purchase.
भाग चास ओडिशा में बटाई खेती है। ओडिशा हाईकोर्ट के एक फ़ैसले में 'भाग', 'संजा' या 'काटा' व्यवस्था में दूसरे की ज़मीन जोतकर उपज का हिस्सा या तय मात्रा देने वाले को काश्तकार कहा गया है। खरीदार ज़मीन पर दर्ज काश्तकार ज़रूर जाँचे।
Orissa High Court, judgment of 31 Oct 1966 (via Indian Kanoon)
Bhoodan land
Land classes
भूदान भूमि Hindi
Also written: bhudan, bhoodan
Land donated in Vinoba Bhave's Bhoodan movement, vested in the State for the landless.
Bhoodan land is land donated during Vinoba Bhave's Bhoodan movement and vested in the State for distribution to the landless. A buyer should verify the terms on which any bhoodan land was granted before dealing in it.
भूदान भूमि विनोबा भावे के भूदान आंदोलन में दान की गई ज़मीन है, जो भूमिहीनों में बाँटने के लिए सरकार में निहित है। ऐसी ज़मीन के सौदे से पहले उसकी शर्तें जाँचें।
Revenue and Land Reforms Department, Government of Bihar (Bihar Bhumi) - Revenue Glossary
Bhu-naksha
Records and registers
शजरा नक्शा Hindi
Also written: bhunaksha, naksha, shajra naksha, mouza map
Cadastral (plot) map of a village or mouza, now available online in many states.
Bihar's glossary defines the shajra naksha as the map of a village or mauza. States now publish these cadastral maps online as Bhu-Naksha: Bihar's land records directorate links a Bhu-Naksha portal, Odisha's Bhulekh hosts plot boundary maps, and in Assam dag maps are applied for and verified through Dharitree. A buyer should compare the map with the boundaries on the ground.
शजरा नक्शा किसी गाँव या मौजा का नक्शा है। अब कई राज्य इसे भू-नक्शा के रूप में ऑनलाइन देते हैं। खरीदार नक्शे की सीमाएँ मौके पर ज़मीन से मिलाए।
Differences between states
Bihar: Bhu-Naksha portal linked from the Directorate of Land Records & Survey. Odisha: Bhu Naksha on Bhulekh. Assam: dag map through Dharitree.
Revenue and Land Reforms Department, Government of Bihar (Bihar Bhumi) - Revenue Glossary
Directorate of Land Records & Survey, Government of Bihar
Secondary guide (commercial land portal)
Revenue & Disaster Management Department, Government of Assam
Housing.com (secondary)
Bhuinhari
Ownership and tenure
Also written: bhuinhari tenure, bhuinhar
A Chota Nagpur tenure recognised under the Chota Nagpur Tenures Act, 1869 and referred to in the CNT Act.
The CNT Act refers to 'any Bhuinhari tenure, as defined in the Chota Nagpur Tenure Act, 1869'. Section 49 of the CNT Act allows an occupancy raiyat or a member of a Bhuinhari family to transfer a holding or tenure only for certain listed purposes, such as industrial or mining use. A buyer should treat Bhuinhari land as restricted and verify its status.
CNT कानून में 'भुईंहरी काश्तकारी' का ज़िक्र है, जो छोटानागपुर टेन्योर एक्ट, 1869 में परिभाषित है। CNT की धारा 49 के अनुसार भुईंहरी परिवार का सदस्य अपनी ज़मीन केवल कुछ तय कामों (जैसे उद्योग, खनन) के लिए ही हस्तांतरित कर सकता है। ऐसी ज़मीन को प्रतिबंधित मानकर जाँच करें।
Indian Kanoon - text of Chota Nagpur Tenancy Act, 1908
Bhulekh
Other words
भूलेख Hindi
Also written: bhulekh odisha
Odisha's online land-records website for RoRs and maps.
Bhulekh is Odisha's land records website, designed and developed by NIC Bhubaneswar. A secondary guide says it hosts RoRs, mutation records and Bhu Naksha maps. Online copies help a first check, but a buyer should rely on certified copies for transactions.
भूलेख ओडिशा की ऑनलाइन भू-अभिलेख वेबसाइट है, जिसे NIC भुवनेश्वर ने बनाया है। इस पर RoR, नामांतरण रिकॉर्ड और भू-नक्शा मिलते हैं। सौदे के लिए प्रमाणित नकल पर भरोसा करें।
Differences between states
The word 'bhulekh' is also used generically for land records in other states.
Bhulekh Odisha (designed and developed by National Informatics Centre, Bhubaneswar)
Secondary guide (commercial land portal)
Bigha
Measurement units
बीघा Hindiবিঘা Assamese
Also written: beegha, bighas
Large traditional land unit; its size varies by state and district.
The bigha is the larger traditional land unit made up of kathas. Its size varies from place to place, so the same number of bighas can mean very different areas in Bihar, West Bengal and Assam. In Assam, land records and court papers write area as bigha-katha-lessa. A buyer should always get the area in acres, hectares or decimals as well.
बीघा ज़मीन की बड़ी पारंपरिक इकाई है जो कट्ठों से बनती है। इसका माप जगह-जगह बदलता है, इसलिए बिहार, बंगाल और असम में एक बीघा का क्षेत्रफल अलग हो सकता है। असम में रकबा बीघा-कठा-लेचा में लिखा जाता है। खरीदार रकबा एकड़, हेक्टेयर या डिसमिल में भी लिखवाए।
Differences between states
Assam: area written as bigha-katha-lessa in records. West Bengal: bigha of 20 katha (secondary). Bihar: about 20 kattha (official).
Size, where a source states it
Bihar (Bihar Revenue Glossary): approx. 20 kattha. West Bengal (Wikipedia, uncited): standardised at 14,400 sq ft (20 katha). Assam (Wikipedia, uncited): 14,400 sq ft, divided into 5 katha. Land converter ›
Revenue and Land Reforms Department, Government of Bihar (Bihar Bhumi) - Revenue Glossary
Wikipedia (secondary; regional values uncited)
Gauhati High Court, WP(C)/4962/2014, judgment of 17 Feb 2022 (via Indian Kanoon)
Bihar Bhumi
Other words
Also written: biharbhumi
Bihar Revenue and Land Reforms Department's online land-records portal.
Bihar Bhumi (biharbhumi.bihar.gov.in) is the Revenue and Land Reforms Department's portal for online jamabandi records; it also publishes the department's revenue glossary. Bihar's Directorate of Land Records & Survey links it alongside Bhu-Naksha, Bhu-Abhilekh and online land-rent payment. A buyer can view the seller's jamabandi here before visiting the circle office.
बिहार भूमि बिहार के राजस्व एवं भूमि सुधार विभाग का पोर्टल है, जहाँ ऑनलाइन जमाबंदी देखी जाती है। भू-नक्शा, भू-अभिलेख और ऑनलाइन लगान की सुविधाएँ भी इससे जुड़ी हैं।
Directorate of Land Records & Survey, Government of Bihar
Revenue and Land Reforms Department, Government of Bihar (Bihar Bhumi) - Revenue Glossary
BL&LRO
Offices
Also written: BLLRO, B.L.&L.R.O., Block Land and Land Reforms Officer
Block Land and Land Reforms Officer: West Bengal's block-level land records office.
The BL&LRO is the Block Land and Land Reforms Officer in West Bengal. An NGT order records the concerned B.L.&L.R.O. inspecting a plot's records. A secondary guide describes the BL&LRO office as the authority for dag records, mutation and certified CS parchas. A buyer applies here for record copies, mutation and conversion matters.
BL&LRO पश्चिम बंगाल में ब्लॉक भूमि एवं भूमि सुधार अधिकारी है। ज़मीन के रिकॉर्ड की जाँच, दाग रिकॉर्ड, नामांतरण और पर्चा जैसे काम इसी दफ्तर से होते हैं। खरीदार रिकॉर्ड की नकल और नामांतरण के लिए यहीं आवेदन करता है।
National Green Tribunal, order of 30 Jul 2025 on a West Bengal plot (via Indian Kanoon)
Secondary guide (commercial land portal)
Secondary guide (commercial land portal)
C
Chaka
Processes
Odisha consolidation term for amalgamating and redistributing scattered parcels into compact holdings.
The Orissa Consolidation of Holdings and Prevention of Fragmentation of Land Act, 1972 uses 'chaka' in connection with the amalgamation and redistribution of parcels of land in different holdings of a unit to make holdings more compact; the same section defines a 'fragment' and 'rectangulation' for regulating chaka allotment. After consolidation, plot numbers and shapes can change. A buyer in a consolidated village should rely on the post-consolidation record.
ओडिशा के चकबंदी कानून, 1972 में 'चक' बिखरे हुए खेतों को मिलाकर और दोबारा बाँटकर जोत को सघन बनाने से जुड़ा शब्द है। चकबंदी के बाद प्लॉट नंबर और आकार बदल सकते हैं, इसलिए ऐसे गाँव में खरीदार नए रिकॉर्ड पर भरोसा करे।
Indian Kanoon - s.2, Orissa Consolidation of Holdings and Prevention of Fragmentation of Land Act, 1972
Chhatak
Measurement unitsLess certain
Also written: chatak, chittack, chittacks
Small sub-unit of the katha/cottah used in West Bengal.
The chhatak (chittack in Kolkata court records) is a sub-unit of the katha/cottah. Kolkata property descriptions in Calcutta High Court records give areas as cottahs, chittacks and square feet.
छटाक (कोलकाता में 'चिटैक') कट्ठा/कोट्टा की छोटी उप-इकाई है। कोलकाता की संपत्ति अक्सर कोट्टा-छटाक-वर्ग फुट में बताई जाती है।
Size, where a source states it
West Bengal (Wikipedia, uncited): 1 katha = 16 chatak; 1 chatak = 45 sq ft. Land converter ›
Calcutta High Court, judgment of 10 Nov 2017 (via Indian Kanoon)
Chitha
Records and registers
Assam's field index register listing every field (dag) of a village with area, holder, tenure and class.
The chitha is Assam's Field Index Register. The settlement rules under the Assam Land and Revenue Regulation describe it as a field index showing field numbers, areas, names of proprietors or settlement-holders, tenure and land class, and the jamabandi is prepared from it. A Government of Assam presentation notes the chitha is kept in 31 columns including crop details. A buyer should check that the dag number, area and holder in the chitha match the jamabandi and the ground.
चिठा असम का 'फ़ील्ड इंडेक्स रजिस्टर' है। इसमें गाँव के हर खेत (दाग) का नंबर, रकबा, मालिक या बंदोबस्तदार का नाम, पट्टे की किस्म और ज़मीन की श्रेणी लिखी होती है, और इसी से जमाबंदी बनती है। खरीदार देखे कि चिठा, जमाबंदी और मौके पर दाग नंबर व रकबा एक जैसे हों।
Differences between states
Assam distinguishes 'chitha mutation' (field mutation, mostly for village land) from 'office mutation' (mostly for town land).
Revenue & Disaster Management Department, Government of Assam
Indian Kanoon - text of Rules under the Assam Land and Revenue Regulation, 1886
Revenue & Disaster Management Department, Government of Assam (presentation on revenue administration)
Revenue & Disaster Management Department, Government of Assam (Namjari / mutation)
Gauhati High Court, WP(C)/4962/2014, judgment of 17 Feb 2022 (via Indian Kanoon)
Circle officer
People and posts
अंचलाधिकारी Hindi
Also written: CO, anchal adhikari, anchaladhikari
Head of the revenue circle, responsible for mutation, records and related certificates.
The Circle Officer heads circle-level revenue administration and is responsible for mutation, LPC, rent and records (Bihar). Jharkhand courts show the CO ordering entries in Register-II and directed to accept rent. In Assam, the Circle Officer approves records through Dharitree and receives applications to convert annual patta to periodic patta. A buyer's mutation is decided at this level.
अंचलाधिकारी (सर्किल ऑफिसर) अंचल स्तर के राजस्व प्रशासन का प्रमुख है और दाखिल-खारिज, LPC, लगान व रिकॉर्ड की ज़िम्मेदारी उसी की है। असम में सर्किल ऑफिसर धरित्री पर रिकॉर्ड मंज़ूर करता है और वार्षिक पट्टे को मियादी में बदलने के आवेदन लेता है। खरीदार का दाखिल-खारिज इसी स्तर पर तय होता है।
Revenue and Land Reforms Department, Government of Bihar (Bihar Bhumi) - Revenue Glossary
Jharkhand High Court, order of 6 Jun 2022 (via Indian Kanoon)
District Administration Biswanath, Government of Assam
Revenue & Disaster Management Department, Government of Assam (conversion of Annual Patta)
CNT Act
Other words
Also written: Chota Nagpur Tenancy Act, Chotanagpur Tenancy Act, CNT
Chota Nagpur Tenancy Act, 1908: tenancy law for Chota Nagpur that restricts land transfers.
The Chota Nagpur Tenancy Act, 1908 is 'an Act to amend and consolidate certain enactments relating to the law of Landlord and Tenant and settlement of rents in Chota Nagpur'. Section 46 says no transfer by a raiyat of his right in his holding is valid except as the Act allows; an occupancy-raiyat who is a Scheduled Tribe member may transfer only with the previous sanction of the Deputy Commissioner, and Scheduled Caste or Backward Class raiyats face residence limits. A buyer in Chota Nagpur should check whether the land is under the CNT Act and who may lawfully buy it.
छोटानागपुर काश्तकारी अधिनियम, 1908 छोटानागपुर में ज़मींदार-काश्तकार और लगान से जुड़ा कानून है। धारा 46 के अनुसार रैयत का ज़मीन हस्तांतरण केवल कानून की अनुमति से ही वैध है; अनुसूचित जनजाति के रैयत को उपायुक्त की पूर्व अनुमति चाहिए, और अनुसूचित जाति/पिछड़े वर्ग पर भी सीमाएँ हैं। खरीदार देखे कि ज़मीन CNT के तहत है और कौन उसे वैध रूप से खरीद सकता है।
Indian Kanoon - text of Chota Nagpur Tenancy Act, 1908
Conversion
Processes
Also written: land conversion, change of land use
Official change of a plot's recorded class or tenure; meaning differs by state.
In West Bengal, Section 4C of the Land Reforms Act lets a raiyat apply to the Collector for change of area or character of land, or for conversion to a purpose other than that for which it was settled or used. In Odisha, Section 8-A of the Orissa Land Reforms Act is used to convert the kisam, for example from agriculture to homestead (gharabari). In Assam, 'conversion' means changing annual-patta land to periodic patta with a right to transfer. A buyer should check that any needed conversion has been granted.
पश्चिम बंगाल में धारा 4C के तहत रैयत कलेक्टर से ज़मीन का स्वरूप या उपयोग बदलवाने की अनुमति लेता है। ओडिशा में OLR एक्ट की धारा 8-A से ज़मीन की किसम (जैसे खेती से घरबारी) बदली जाती है। असम में 'कन्वर्ज़न' का मतलब वार्षिक पट्टे को मियादी पट्टे में बदलना है। खरीदार जाँचे कि ज़रूरी रूपांतरण हो चुका है।
Differences between states
West Bengal: WBLR Act s.4C. Odisha: OLR Act s.8-A. Assam: AP to PP conversion, applied to the Circle Officer and processed via the Lot Mandal.
Indian Kanoon - text of West Bengal Land Reforms Act, 1955
Calcutta High Court, judgment of 12 Dec 2022 (via Indian Kanoon)
Orissa High Court, judgment of 22 May 2026 (via Indian Kanoon)
Revenue & Disaster Management Department, Government of Assam (conversion of Annual Patta)
Sewa Setu, Government of Assam
CS, RS and LR records
Records and registers
Also written: C.S., R.S., L.R., cadastral survey, revisional survey, CS khatian, RS khatian, LR khatian, CS zarip
Successive survey record series: Cadastral Survey (CS), Revisional Survey (RS) and, in West Bengal, Land Reforms (LR).
Land in eastern India was surveyed more than once, and each survey produced its own maps and khatians. CS (Cadastral Survey) is the first, British-era Record of Rights; RS (Revisional Survey) came from later re-surveys; in West Bengal the LR record followed the land reforms. Plot numbers and land classes can change between series, so courts trace a plot from its CS number to its RS and LR numbers. A buyer should ask for all available series and check that the plot, area and class line up.
पूर्वी भारत में ज़मीन का सर्वे कई बार हुआ और हर सर्वे के अलग नक्शे व खतियान बने। CS (कैडस्ट्रल सर्वे) अंग्रेज़ों के समय का पहला अधिकार-अभिलेख है, RS (रिविज़नल सर्वे) बाद के पुनः सर्वे का है, और पश्चिम बंगाल में भूमि सुधार के बाद LR रिकॉर्ड बना। हर सीरीज़ में प्लॉट नंबर और ज़मीन की किस्म बदल सकती है, इसलिए खरीदार सभी रिकॉर्ड लेकर प्लॉट, रकबा और किस्म का मिलान करे।
Differences between states
Bihar glossary: CS khatian from the Cadastral Survey of 1905-1915; RS khatian from re-surveys in many districts from 1952 onwards. West Bengal: an NGT order traces a plot from its C.S. record through R.S. to L.R. records and notes the land class changed between them; it also uses the term 'C.S. Zarip' (Cadastral Settlement Zarip). LR in West Bengal is described as the post-land-reforms record by a secondary source.
Revenue and Land Reforms Department, Government of Bihar (Bihar Bhumi) - Revenue Glossary
National Green Tribunal, order of 30 Jul 2025 on a West Bengal plot (via Indian Kanoon)
Secondary guide (commercial land portal)
D
Dag
Records and registers
Also written: dag number, dag no., daag
Plot number on the village cadastral map.
A dag (dag number) is the plot number on the village or mouza map. In West Bengal it is the unique plot identifier inside a mouza, so the same number can exist in two mouzas. In Assam the jamabandi lists dag numbers under each patta, and certified copies and maps are issued dag-wise. A buyer should verify the dag together with the mouza (and J.L. number in West Bengal) and the patta or khatian.
दाग किसी गाँव/मौजा के नक्शे पर प्लॉट का नंबर है। पश्चिम बंगाल में यह मौजा के भीतर अनोखा होता है, इसलिए दूसरे मौजा में वही नंबर हो सकता है। असम में जमाबंदी में हर पट्टे के नीचे दाग नंबर लिखे होते हैं। खरीदार दाग नंबर को मौजा, J.L. नंबर (बंगाल में) और पट्टा/खतियान के साथ जाँचे।
Differences between states
West Bengal: 'hal' (current LR) and 'sabek' (older RS) dag numbers may both appear in deeds. Assam: dag numbers appear with periodic or annual patta numbers. Manipur: court records refer to 'C.S. Dag' with patta numbers.
Gauhati High Court, WP(C)/4962/2014, judgment of 17 Feb 2022 (via Indian Kanoon)
Revenue & Disaster Management Department, Government of Assam
Manipur High Court, judgment of 4 Jul 2023 (via Indian Kanoon)
Dakhil-kharij
Processes
दाखिल-खारिज Hindi
Also written: dakhil kharij, mutation
Mutation: changing the record to enter the new owner's name and remove the old one.
Dakhil-kharij is mutation: changing the jamabandi to record the new owner's name and delete the old one. In Bihar it runs under the Bihar Land Mutation Act, 2011, with the Circle Officer deciding cases and appeals going to the Deputy Collector Land Reforms. Bihar's glossary also defines 'intkal' as mutation on the death of a landholder, recording heirs. Without mutation the buyer's name will not appear in the record or rent receipts.
दाखिल-खारिज यानी नामांतरण: जमाबंदी में नए मालिक का नाम चढ़ाना और पुराने का हटाना। बिहार में यह बिहार भूमि दाखिल-खारिज अधिनियम, 2011 के तहत सर्किल ऑफिसर करता है, और अपील भूमि सुधार उप-समाहर्ता (DCLR) के पास जाती है। मालिक की मृत्यु पर वारिसों का नाम चढ़ाना 'इंतकाल' कहलाता है। दाखिल-खारिज के बिना खरीदार का नाम रिकॉर्ड में नहीं आता।
Differences between states
Odisha: mutation cases are decided by the Tahasildar and an intimation slip then goes to the Revenue Inspector; a secondary guide calls it 'Mutation (Dakhil Kharij)'. Assam and West Bengal use 'namjari' for mutation.
Revenue and Land Reforms Department, Government of Bihar (Bihar Bhumi) - Revenue Glossary
Patna High Court, order of 4 Dec 2023 (via Indian Kanoon)
Patna High Court, judgment of 4 Sep 2023 (via Indian Kanoon)
Orissa High Court, judgment of 14 Aug 2023 (via Indian Kanoon)
Secondary guide (commercial land portal)
DCLR
People and posts
Also written: Deputy Collector Land Reforms, Land Reforms Deputy Collector
Deputy Collector Land Reforms: appellate authority against Circle Officers' mutation orders in Bihar.
In Bihar, appeals against a Circle Officer's mutation order under the Bihar Land Mutation Act, 2011 go to the Deputy Collector Land Reforms (DCLR), as shown in many Patna High Court orders. A buyer whose mutation is rejected, or who faces an objection, can appeal there within the time the Act allows.
बिहार में सर्किल ऑफिसर के दाखिल-खारिज आदेश के खिलाफ अपील बिहार भूमि दाखिल-खारिज अधिनियम, 2011 के तहत भूमि सुधार उप-समाहर्ता (DCLR) के पास होती है। दाखिल-खारिज खारिज होने पर खरीदार यहाँ तय समय में अपील कर सकता है।
Patna High Court, order of 4 Dec 2023 (via Indian Kanoon)
Patna High Court, judgment of 4 Sep 2023 (via Indian Kanoon)
Decimal
Measurement units
শতক Bengali
Also written: dismil, decimil, satak, dec.
One-hundredth of an acre.
A decimal (dismil; satak in Bengali) is one-hundredth of an acre. It is common in Bihar, West Bengal and Odisha, where records often state area in acres and decimals. Because it is tied to the acre, it is a safer unit for comparing plots than local units like katha or bigha.
डिसमिल (बंगाली में 'शतक') एक एकड़ का सौवाँ भाग है। बिहार, पश्चिम बंगाल और ओडिशा में रकबा अक्सर एकड़-डिसमिल में लिखा जाता है। यह एकड़ से जुड़ा है, इसलिए कट्ठा-बीघा से ज़्यादा भरोसेमंद है।
Differences between states
Odisha: court records express area in acre-decimal notation (e.g. 'Ac. ... dec.').
Size, where a source states it
Bihar Revenue Glossary: 1/100 acre, about 435.6 sq ft; 100 decimals = 1 acre. (The acre-to-decimal relation is the same everywhere.) Land converter ›
Revenue and Land Reforms Department, Government of Bihar (Bihar Bhumi) - Revenue Glossary
Wikipedia (secondary)
Orissa High Court, judgment of 14 Aug 2023 (via Indian Kanoon)
Demarcation
Processes
Official field marking of a plot's boundaries by revenue staff.
Demarcation is the official marking of a plot's boundaries on the ground. In Odisha, in a demarcation case the Amin is directed to demarcate the plots in the field and submit a report with a sketch map. In Manipur, courts have directed the Sub-Deputy Collector to carry out demarcation to ascertain the exact area. A buyer facing boundary doubts can seek official demarcation before purchase.
सीमांकन (डिमार्केशन) सरकारी कर्मचारियों द्वारा मौके पर प्लॉट की सीमा तय करना है। ओडिशा में अमीन मौके पर सीमांकन कर स्केच-मैप के साथ रिपोर्ट देता है; मणिपुर में यह काम सब-डिप्टी कलेक्टर करता है। सीमा पर शक हो तो खरीद से पहले सीमांकन कराएँ।
Orissa High Court, judgment of 14 Aug 2023 (via Indian Kanoon)
Manipur High Court, judgment of 4 Jul 2023 (via Indian Kanoon)
Dharitree
Other words
Also written: Dharitri, Dharitree portal
Assam's land-records system for chitha, jamabandi and maps.
Dharitree is Assam's digital land records system. Official pages describe Lot Mandals and Circle Officers processing applications for certified copies of the chitha, jamabandi and dag maps on Dharitree, with RoRs issued bearing a QR code. A buyer can check patta and dag status here but should get certified copies for the deal.
धरित्री असम की डिजिटल भू-अभिलेख प्रणाली है। लॉट मंडल और सर्किल ऑफिसर इसी पर चिठा, जमाबंदी और दाग-नक्शे की प्रमाणित नकल के आवेदन निपटाते हैं, और RoR पर QR कोड होता है।
Revenue & Disaster Management Department, Government of Assam
District Administration Biswanath, Government of Assam
Housing.com (secondary)
Dhur
Measurement units
धुर Hindi
Bihar sub-unit of the kattha.
Dhur is a sub-unit of the kattha used in Bihar. It is further divided into kala or dhurki. Small residential plots are often described in kattha and dhur.
धुर बिहार में कट्ठा की उप-इकाई है, जो आगे कला या धुरकी में बँटती है। छोटे प्लॉट अक्सर कट्ठा-धुर में बताए जाते हैं।
Size, where a source states it
Bihar (Bihar Revenue Glossary): 1 dhur = 1/20 of a kattha. Land converter ›
Revenue and Land Reforms Department, Government of Bihar (Bihar Bhumi) - Revenue Glossary
F
Fard
Documents
Certified extract from the khatian or jamabandi.
A fard is a certified extract from the khatian or jamabandi, used for bank loans, courts or sale deeds. A buyer can ask the seller for a recent fard to confirm what the record shows.
फर्द खतियान या जमाबंदी की प्रमाणित नकल है, जो बैंक लोन, अदालत या सेल डीड में काम आती है। खरीदार विक्रेता से हाल की फर्द माँगकर रिकॉर्ड की पुष्टि कर सकता है।
Revenue and Land Reforms Department, Government of Bihar (Bihar Bhumi) - Revenue Glossary
G
Gair-mazrua
Land classes
गैर-मजरुआ Hindi
Also written: gair mazarua, gairmazarua, gair-mazarua
Land not recorded as a tenant's holding, vested in the State after the 1950 land reforms.
Gair-mazarua land is land not recorded as a tenant's holding that vested in the State after the Bihar Land Reforms Act, 1950. Gair-mazarua aam is community or public land for common use such as grazing grounds, ponds, roads, graveyards and rivers. Gair-mazarua khas (malik) is land that was in the zamindar's possession but not as tenant land, and that also vested in the State. A buyer should be very cautious about any plot recorded as gair-mazarua.
गैर-मजरुआ ज़मीन वह है जो किसी रैयत की जोत के रूप में दर्ज नहीं थी और 1950 के बिहार भूमि सुधार कानून के बाद सरकार में निहित हो गई। गैरमजरुआ आम सार्वजनिक ज़मीन है — चारागाह, तालाब, रास्ता, कब्रिस्तान, नदी आदि। गैरमजरुआ खास/मालिक वह ज़मीन है जो ज़मींदार के कब्ज़े में थी पर रैयती नहीं थी। ऐसी ज़मीन खरीदने में बहुत सावधानी रखें।
Differences between states
The Bihar glossary also defines 'shamilat' as village common land jointly used by all villagers.
Revenue and Land Reforms Department, Government of Bihar (Bihar Bhumi) - Revenue Glossary
Ganda
Measurement units
Also written: gandas
Sub-unit of the kani used in Tripura.
The ganda is a sub-unit of the kani in Tripura. Court records describe holdings such as a number of kanis and gandas, sometimes with an acre equivalent.
गंडा त्रिपुरा में कानी की उप-इकाई है। अदालती रिकॉर्ड में रकबा कानी और गंडा में लिखा मिलता है।
Size, where a source states it
Tripura: a Tripura High Court judgment states land of '1 kani 4½ gandas, equivalent to .49 acre'. No official kani-ganda conversion was found. Land converter ›
Tripura High Court, judgment of 20 Feb 2018 (via Indian Kanoon)
Tripura High Court, judgment of 10 Feb 2022 (via Indian Kanoon)
Gharabari
Land classes
Also written: ghara bari, gharbari
Homestead (residential) class of land in Odisha records.
Gharabari is the homestead kisam in Odisha. The Orissa High Court records plots whose nature was converted 'to homestead (gharabari) from agriculture' by orders under Section 8-A of the Orissa Land Reforms Act. A buyer planning to build should check whether the plot is already gharabari or needs conversion.
घरबारी ओडिशा में आवासीय (घर वाली) ज़मीन की किस्म है। खेती की ज़मीन को घरबारी में बदलने का आदेश OLR एक्ट की धारा 8-A के तहत होता है। घर बनाने से पहले खरीदार देखे कि प्लॉट घरबारी है या बदलवाना पड़ेगा।
Orissa High Court, judgment of 22 May 2026 (via Indian Kanoon)
H
Hal and sabik
Other words
Also written: hal, sabik, sabek, hal dag, sabek dag, hal khata, sabik khata
'Hal' marks the current record number; 'sabik/sabek' marks the older number from a previous survey.
When a new settlement or survey is completed, plots and khatas get new numbers. 'Hal' refers to the current (latest) record and 'sabik' or 'sabek' to the old record. Deeds and court papers often give both, for example a sabek RS dag and the matching hal LR dag in West Bengal, or a sabik plot and the corresponding hal plot in Odisha. A buyer must map old numbers to new ones so that old deeds and the current record describe the same land.
नया सर्वे या बंदोबस्त होने पर प्लॉट और खाते के नंबर बदल जाते हैं। 'हाल' का मतलब मौजूदा (नया) रिकॉर्ड और 'साबिक' का मतलब पुराना रिकॉर्ड है। दस्तावेज़ों में अक्सर दोनों नंबर लिखे होते हैं। खरीदार को पुराने और नए नंबर का मिलान करना चाहिए ताकि पुराना दस्तावेज़ और आज का रिकॉर्ड एक ही ज़मीन बताएं।
Differences between states
West Bengal: usage pairs 'Sabek' with RS numbers and 'Hal' with LR numbers; the Banglarbhumi portal is described as offering an RS-LR lookup. Odisha: court records speak of the 'hal settlement operation', 'hal RoR khata' and 'sabik plot'.
Calcutta High Court, judgment of 3 Jan 2023 (via Indian Kanoon)
Orissa High Court, judgment of 14 Aug 2023 (via Indian Kanoon)
Halka
Offices
हल्का Hindi
Also written: halqa
Smallest revenue administrative unit, often matching a panchayat.
A halka is the smallest revenue administrative unit, often matching a panchayat, managed by revenue staff such as the halka karmachari. Several halkas make up an anchal (circle).
हल्का सबसे छोटी राजस्व प्रशासनिक इकाई है, जो अक्सर पंचायत के बराबर होती है और हल्का कर्मचारी इसे संभालता है। कई हल्के मिलकर एक अंचल बनाते हैं।
Revenue and Land Reforms Department, Government of Bihar (Bihar Bhumi) - Revenue Glossary
Jharkhand High Court, order of 16 Feb 2022 (via Indian Kanoon)
Halka karmachari
People and posts
हल्का कर्मचारी Hindi
Also written: karmachari, karmchari, halka karmchari
Field-level revenue employee for a halka handling mutation reports, rent and records.
The halka karmachari is field-level revenue staff handling mutation, rent collection, settlement and record maintenance for a halka. In Jharkhand, a Circle Officer told the High Court that a Register-II entry made by a halka karmchari was not within his competence, showing that record changes need proper orders. A buyer will usually meet the karmachari for field verification.
हल्का कर्मचारी ज़मीनी स्तर का राजस्व कर्मचारी है जो हल्के में दाखिल-खारिज, लगान वसूली, बंदोबस्त और रिकॉर्ड का काम देखता है। झारखंड के एक मामले में कहा गया कि पंजी-II में कर्मचारी द्वारा की गई प्रविष्टि उसकी क्षमता से बाहर थी — यानी रिकॉर्ड बदलाव के लिए सही आदेश ज़रूरी है।
Revenue and Land Reforms Department, Government of Bihar (Bihar Bhumi) - Revenue Glossary
Jharkhand High Court, order of 16 Feb 2022 (via Indian Kanoon)
Hibba
Documents
हिब्बा Hindi
Gift deed transferring land ownership without consideration.
A hibba is a gift deed transferring land ownership without consideration. Like a sale deed, it should be followed by mutation so the new holder is recorded.
हिब्बा दान-पत्र (गिफ्ट डीड) है जिससे बिना मूल्य लिए ज़मीन का मालिकाना हक़ दिया जाता है। इसके बाद भी दाखिल-खारिज कराना चाहिए।
Revenue and Land Reforms Department, Government of Bihar (Bihar Bhumi) - Revenue Glossary
J
Jamabandi
Records and registers
जमाबंदी Hindi
Also written: jamabandee, jamabandi panji
Running revenue record of landholders; in Assam it is the Record of Rights itself.
In Bihar the jamabandi is an extract of the Jamabandi Panji (Register-II) giving each raiyat's name, address and land particulars; mutation (dakhil-kharij) works by changing the jamabandi. In Assam the jamabandi is the Record of Rights, prepared from the chitha and showing fields in each holder's possession with areas, classes and revenue; mutation there means entering a name in the jamabandi. A buyer should confirm that the seller's name stands in the current jamabandi for exactly the plots being sold.
बिहार में जमाबंदी, जमाबंदी पंजी (पंजी-II) का अंश है जिसमें रैयत का नाम, पता और ज़मीन का ब्योरा होता है; दाखिल-खारिज से जमाबंदी में नाम बदला जाता है। असम में जमाबंदी ही अधिकार-अभिलेख है, जो चिठा से बनती है और उसमें खेत, रकबा, किस्म और राजस्व दर्ज रहता है। खरीदार जाँचे कि बेची जा रही ज़मीन मौजूदा जमाबंदी में विक्रेता के नाम पर ही दर्ज है।
Differences between states
Bihar/Jharkhand: jamabandi is the raiyat's revenue account kept at the circle in Register-II; Jharkhand courts speak of names being added to 'Register-II of the Jamabandi'. Assam: jamabandi = Record of Rights, maintained on Dharitree, with draft jamabandis prepared by the Settlement Officer during re-settlement. Manipur: court records show names entered in the jamabandi through mutation and partition proceedings.
Revenue and Land Reforms Department, Government of Bihar (Bihar Bhumi) - Revenue Glossary
Revenue & Disaster Management Department, Government of Assam
Indian Kanoon - text of Rules under the Assam Land and Revenue Regulation, 1886
Government of Assam - Basundhara portal SOP for services
Jharkhand High Court, order of 6 Jun 2022 (via Indian Kanoon)
Manipur High Court, judgment of 4 Jul 2023 (via Indian Kanoon)
JL number
Records and registers
Also written: J.L. No., JL No, jurisdiction list number
Jurisdiction List number that identifies a mouza in West Bengal records and deeds.
West Bengal land is described by mouza and its J.L. (Jurisdiction List) number, as seen in Calcutta High Court and NGT records. Because many mouzas share names, the J.L. number helps fix the right one. A secondary guide advises that the mouza and J.L. number in the record must exactly match the seller's deed.
पश्चिम बंगाल में ज़मीन मौजा और उसके J.L. (जुरिसडिक्शन लिस्ट) नंबर से पहचानी जाती है। कई मौजा के नाम मिलते-जुलते होते हैं, इसलिए J.L. नंबर सही मौजा तय करता है। खरीदार देखे कि रिकॉर्ड और डीड में मौजा और J.L. नंबर एक जैसे हों।
Differences between states
Bihar's comparable identifier is the revenue thana number of the mauza.
Calcutta High Court, order of 21 Feb 2012 (via Indian Kanoon)
National Green Tribunal, order of 30 Jul 2025 on a West Bengal plot (via Indian Kanoon)
Secondary guide (commercial land portal)
K
Kani
Measurement units
Also written: kanis
Local land unit used in Tripura, divided into gandas.
The kani is a local land unit used in Tripura, with gandas as a smaller unit. Tripura High Court judgments describe land in kanis and gandas, sometimes with an acre equivalent. A buyer should insist on the area in acres or hectares as recorded.
कानी त्रिपुरा में इस्तेमाल होने वाली स्थानीय इकाई है, जिसकी छोटी इकाई गंडा है। त्रिपुरा हाईकोर्ट के फ़ैसलों में रकबा कानी-गंडा में और कभी-कभी एकड़ में भी लिखा है। खरीदार रकबा एकड़ या हेक्टेयर में लिखवाए।
Size, where a source states it
Tripura: a Tripura High Court judgment describes land 'measuring 1.61 acres or 4 kani as per local measurement'. No official conversion table was found. Land converter ›
Tripura High Court, judgment of 10 Feb 2022 (via Indian Kanoon)
Tripura High Court, judgment of 20 Feb 2018 (via Indian Kanoon)
Katha
Measurement units
कठ्ठा Hindiকঠা Assameseকাঠা Bengali
Also written: kattha, cottah, kotha, kathas, cottahs
Local land unit whose size differs widely from place to place.
Katha (kattha in Bihar, cottah in Kolkata records) is a traditional area unit, a sub-unit of the bigha. Its size is not uniform: Bihar's official glossary gives an approximate value only for Patna and around, and other sources give different values for West Bengal and Assam. A buyer should always convert to square feet or decimals using the value stated in the deed or by the local revenue office.
कट्ठा/कठा ज़मीन नापने की पारंपरिक इकाई है, जो बीघा का हिस्सा है। इसका माप हर जगह एक जैसा नहीं — बिहार की सरकारी शब्दावली केवल पटना और आसपास का अनुमानित माप देती है, जबकि बंगाल और असम में अलग माप बताए जाते हैं। खरीदार डीड या स्थानीय राजस्व कार्यालय से माप पक्का करके वर्ग फुट या डिसमिल में बदले।
Differences between states
Bihar: 1 kattha = 20 dhur. West Bengal/Kolkata: court records express areas as cottah-chittack-square feet. Assam: area is written as bigha-katha-lessa (e.g. 'B-K-L').
Size, where a source states it
Bihar (official Bihar Revenue Glossary): approx. 1361 sq ft in Patna and around; 1 dhur = 1/20 kattha; bigha approx. 20 kattha. West Bengal (Wikipedia, uncited): 1 katha = 720 sq ft = 16 chatak. Assam (Wikipedia, uncited): 1 katha = 2,880 sq ft; 1 katha = 20 lessa; 5 katha = 1 bigha. Land converter ›
Revenue and Land Reforms Department, Government of Bihar (Bihar Bhumi) - Revenue Glossary
Wikipedia (secondary; regional values uncited)
Wikipedia (secondary; regional values uncited)
Calcutta High Court, judgment of 10 Nov 2017 (via Indian Kanoon)
Gauhati High Court, WP(C)/4962/2014, judgment of 17 Feb 2022 (via Indian Kanoon)
Kewala
Documents
Also written: kewala deed
Bihar term for a sale deed.
In Bihar, 'kewala' is used for a sale deed; Patna High Court judgments speak of executing a 'kewala (sale-deed)' and of certified copies of 'sale deeds (Kewalas)'. Bihar's glossary separately defines 'bainama registry' as a sale deed transferring ownership based on sale. A buyer should obtain certified copies of the full chain of kewalas and get the new one mutated.
बिहार में 'केवाला' का मतलब बिक्री-विलेख (सेल डीड) है। पटना हाईकोर्ट के फ़ैसलों में 'केवाला (सेल-डीड)' लिखा मिलता है। बिहार की शब्दावली में 'बैनामा रजिस्ट्री' (बैनामा) को भी बिक्री से मालिकाना हक़ देने वाला विलेख बताया गया है। खरीदार पुराने केवालों की पूरी कड़ी की प्रमाणित प्रतियाँ ले और नया केवाला दाखिल-खारिज कराए।
Patna High Court, judgment of 20 Jun 2024 (via Indian Kanoon)
Patna High Court, judgment of 19 Sep 2025 (via Indian Kanoon)
Revenue and Land Reforms Department, Government of Bihar (Bihar Bhumi) - Revenue Glossary
Khanapuri
Processes
खानापुरी Hindi
Early survey stage when khatian columns are filled with preliminary details.
Khanapuri is the initial stage of a survey when the khatian columns are filled with preliminary details. In the Santhal Parganas, the Jharkhand High Court refers to khanapuri proceedings under the settlement regulation as the stage where holdings and transfer rights were documented. Landholders should check khanapuri entries and object in time if they are wrong.
खानापुरी सर्वे का शुरुआती चरण है जब खतियान के कॉलम प्रारंभिक ब्योरे से भरे जाते हैं। संथाल परगना में भी खानापुरी कार्यवाही में जोत और अधिकार दर्ज हुए। भू-धारक खानापुरी की प्रविष्टि जाँचें और गलत हो तो समय पर आपत्ति करें।
Revenue and Land Reforms Department, Government of Bihar (Bihar Bhumi) - Revenue Glossary
Jharkhand High Court, judgment of 9 Apr 2026 (via Indian Kanoon)
Khas mahal
Land classes
खासमहाल Hindi
Also written: khasmahal, khas mahal land
State-owned land under direct government control, leased out but not privately owned.
Khas mahal land is State-owned land under direct government control. It is leased or rented out but is not privately owned. A buyer dealing in khas mahal land is dealing with a lease interest, not ownership.
खासमहाल ज़मीन सरकार की अपनी ज़मीन है जो सीधे सरकार के नियंत्रण में रहती है। यह पट्टे या किराये पर दी जाती है पर निजी मिल्कियत नहीं होती। इसका सौदा मालिकाना हक़ का नहीं, पट्टे के हक़ का होता है।
Revenue and Land Reforms Department, Government of Bihar (Bihar Bhumi) - Revenue Glossary
Khata
Records and registers
खाता Hindi
Also written: khata number, khata no.
Account number in the record of rights grouping all plots of one holder.
A khata is the account number allotted in the khatian at the time of survey, showing all lands of a person. In Odisha, RoRs are organised by khata number and court records describe plots 'recorded under' a khata. A buyer should check that every plot in the deed belongs to the seller's khata and not to a co-sharer's.
खाता सर्वे के समय खतियान में दिया गया खाता-नंबर है, जिसमें एक व्यक्ति की सारी ज़मीन दर्ज रहती है। ओडिशा में RoR खाता नंबर के हिसाब से बनता है। खरीदार देखे कि डीड में लिखे सभी प्लॉट विक्रेता के ही खाते में हैं।
Differences between states
Odisha records may show both a sabik (old) and hal (current) khata number.
Revenue and Land Reforms Department, Government of Bihar (Bihar Bhumi) - Revenue Glossary
Orissa High Court, judgment of 14 Aug 2023 (via Indian Kanoon)
Secondary guide (commercial land portal)
Khatian
Records and registers
Also written: khatiyan, khatyan
Record of Rights prepared after a land survey, listing holders, plots, area, land type and rent.
The khatian is the Record of Rights prepared after a survey. Bihar's official glossary says it records the raiyat's name, rights, khata, plot number, area, land type, rent and possession. Survey after survey produced new khatians: the CS khatian of the British-era Cadastral Survey, then RS khatians from later re-surveys, and in West Bengal the LR khatian. A buyer should trace the seller's title through this chain of khatians and match it with the current mutation and rent records.
खतियान सर्वे के बाद बना अधिकार-अभिलेख है। इसमें रैयत का नाम, अधिकार, खाता, प्लॉट नंबर, रकबा, ज़मीन की किस्म, लगान और कब्ज़ा दर्ज होता है। हर सर्वे में नया खतियान बना — पहले CS (कैडस्ट्रल सर्वे) खतियान, फिर RS (रिविज़नल सर्वे) खतियान, और पश्चिम बंगाल में LR खतियान। खरीदार को विक्रेता का हक़ इन खतियानों की कड़ी से मिलाकर मौजूदा दाखिल-खारिज और लगान रिकॉर्ड से जाँचना चाहिए।
Differences between states
Bihar/Jharkhand: the Bihar glossary dates the CS khatian to the Cadastral Survey (1905-1915) and RS khatians to re-surveys in many districts from 1952. West Bengal: CS, RS and LR khatians exist side by side; deeds often quote both an old (sabek) and current (hal) khatian number. Sikkim: court records refer to the 'parcha khatiyan' as the record showing in whose name land stands. Tripura: court records cite khatian numbers for plots. Odisha our sources call the equivalent document the RoR (record of rights) organised by khata.
Used in: Bihar, Jharkhand, West Bengal, Tripura, Sikkim
Revenue and Land Reforms Department, Government of Bihar (Bihar Bhumi) - Revenue Glossary
Secondary guide (commercial land portal)
National Green Tribunal, order of 30 Jul 2025 on a West Bengal plot (via Indian Kanoon)
Sikkim High Court, judgment of 7 Aug 2026 (via Indian Kanoon)
Tripura High Court, judgment of 24 Feb 2022 (via Indian Kanoon)
Khesra
Records and registers
खेसरा Hindi
Also written: khasra, kheshra, khesra number
Survey plot number, unique within one revenue village.
Khesra is the serial number given to each plot in the survey; it is unique within a revenue village. Together with the khata and mauza it pinpoints a parcel. A buyer should match the khesra in the deed with the khatian, the map and the ground.
खेसरा सर्वे में हर प्लॉट को दिया गया क्रम-संख्या है, जो एक राजस्व गाँव में अनोखा होता है। खाता और मौजा के साथ यह ज़मीन की पहचान करता है। खरीदार डीड का खेसरा खतियान, नक्शे और मौके से मिलाए।
Differences between states
The same idea is called 'dag' in West Bengal, Assam and Manipur, and 'plot number' in Odisha records.
Revenue and Land Reforms Department, Government of Bihar (Bihar Bhumi) - Revenue Glossary
Kisam
Land classes
Also written: kism
The nature or class of land recorded against each plot in Odisha's RoR.
Kisam is the recorded nature or class of a plot in Odisha's record of rights. Court records show plots recorded as 'Aat' kisam or as 'Jungle' or 'Chhota Jungle', and a conversion of the nature (kisam) of land from agriculture to homestead (gharabari) under Section 8-A of the Orissa Land Reforms Act. A buyer should check the kisam because it affects permitted use; for example, felling permission was refused for plots recorded as 'Jungle'.
किसम ओडिशा के RoR में हर प्लॉट की ज़मीन की किस्म या श्रेणी है। अदालती रिकॉर्ड में 'आट', 'जंगल', 'छोटा जंगल' जैसी किस्में दिखती हैं, और खेती की ज़मीन को 'घरबारी' (आवासीय) में बदलने का आदेश OLR एक्ट की धारा 8-A में होता है। खरीदार किसम ज़रूर देखे क्योंकि इससे ज़मीन का उपयोग तय होता है।
Orissa High Court, judgment of 22 May 2026 (via Indian Kanoon)
Orissa High Court, judgment of 7 Nov 2025 (via Indian Kanoon)
Orissa High Court, judgment of 12 Dec 2025 (via Indian Kanoon)
Kistwar
Processes
Survey stage of measuring, plotting and demarcating each field.
Kistwar is the survey process of measuring, plotting and demarcating each plot or field. It produces the map on which khesra numbers are based. Landholders should be present so their boundaries are measured correctly.
किस्तवार सर्वे का वह चरण है जिसमें हर प्लॉट या खेत को नापा, नक्शे पर उतारा और सीमांकित किया जाता है। इसी से नक्शा और खेसरा नंबर बनते हैं। भू-धारक मौजूद रहें ताकि सीमा सही नपे।
Revenue and Land Reforms Department, Government of Bihar (Bihar Bhumi) - Revenue Glossary
Korkar
Land classes
Under the CNT Act, land artificially levelled or embanked mainly for rice cultivation.
Section 3 of the Chota Nagpur Tenancy Act, 1908 defines korkar as land, by whatever name locally known such as 'babhala khandwat', 'jalsasan' or 'ariat', which has been artificially levelled or embanked primarily for the cultivation of rice. A buyer in Chota Nagpur may see korkar in old records; such land falls under CNT Act rules.
छोटानागपुर काश्तकारी अधिनियम, 1908 की धारा 3 के अनुसार कोरकर वह ज़मीन है जिसे मुख्यतः धान की खेती के लिए समतल किया गया या मेड़ बाँधकर बनाया गया, चाहे उसे स्थानीय रूप से 'बभला खंडवत', 'जलसासन' या 'अरियत' कहें। ऐसी ज़मीन CNT कानून के नियमों में आती है।
Indian Kanoon - text of Chota Nagpur Tenancy Act, 1908
L
Lagan
Other words
लगान Hindi
Also written: lagaan, land rent
Annual land rent/revenue payable on land.
Lagan is the annual land tax or revenue payable on land. In Bihar it can be paid online through the state's land-rent portal linked by the Directorate of Land Records & Survey. In Jharkhand, courts have dealt with Circle Officers being directed to accept rent and grant rent receipts. Regular rent payment in the holder's name supports a running jamabandi.
लगान ज़मीन पर हर साल देय भू-राजस्व या कर है। बिहार में इसे ऑनलाइन भरा जा सकता है। झारखंड में अदालतों ने सर्किल ऑफिसर को लगान लेकर रसीद देने के निर्देश दिए हैं। मालिक के नाम पर नियमित लगान जमा होना चालू जमाबंदी का संकेत है।
Revenue and Land Reforms Department, Government of Bihar (Bihar Bhumi) - Revenue Glossary
Directorate of Land Records & Survey, Government of Bihar
Jharkhand High Court, judgment of 21 Apr 2026 (via Indian Kanoon)
Lagan rasid
Documents
लगान रसीद Hindi
Also written: rasid, rashid, lagaan rashid, rent receipt
Government receipt for payment of land rent.
A lagan rasid is the government receipt issued on payment of land revenue. Bihar's glossary notes it was earlier issued offline and is now issued only online. In Odisha, court records cite rent receipts, and after mutation an intimation slip goes to the Revenue Inspector for correction of record and realisation of rent. A buyer should see recent receipts in the seller's name.
लगान रसीद भू-राजस्व भरने पर सरकार द्वारा दी गई रसीद है। बिहार में पहले यह ऑफ़लाइन मिलती थी, अब केवल ऑनलाइन। ओडिशा में दाखिल-खारिज के बाद राजस्व निरीक्षक लगान वसूली करता है। खरीदार विक्रेता के नाम की हाल की रसीदें देखे।
Revenue and Land Reforms Department, Government of Bihar (Bihar Bhumi) - Revenue Glossary
Jharkhand High Court, judgment of 21 Apr 2026 (via Indian Kanoon)
Orissa High Court, judgment of 14 Aug 2023 (via Indian Kanoon)
Land Settlement Certificate
Documents
Also written: LSC
Mizoram certificate showing land permanently settled with the holder.
Under Section 21 of the Mizoram (Land Revenue) Act, 2013, an LSC holder is a person to whom land has been permanently settled for agricultural purposes or non-agricultural purposes such as building a house. The Act's definition covers certificates granted under older Mizo District laws of 1956 and 1963 and similar certificates under the 2013 Act. The same section separates periodic patta holders (fixed-period leases), pass holders (permission only to build a house, shop or stall; Village Councils may issue these in unsurveyed areas) and lease holders. A buyer should prefer land backed by an LSC and check which kind of document the seller holds.
मिज़ोरम (भू-राजस्व) अधिनियम, 2013 की धारा 21 के अनुसार LSC धारक वह है जिसे खेती या मकान जैसे कामों के लिए ज़मीन स्थायी रूप से बंदोबस्त की गई हो। इसके अलावा पीरियॉडिक पट्टा धारक (तय अवधि का पट्टा), पास धारक (सिर्फ़ मकान/दुकान बनाने की अनुमति; बिना सर्वे वाले इलाके में ग्राम परिषद दे सकती है) और लीज़ धारक होते हैं। खरीदार देखे कि विक्रेता के पास कौन-सा दस्तावेज़ है।
Differences between states
Mizoram rules mention LSCs converted from House Pass or Periodic Patta.
Indian Kanoon - s.21, Mizoram (Land Revenue) Act, 2013
Indian Kanoon - text of Mizoram (Land Revenue) Act, 2013
Indian Kanoon - s.47, Mizoram (Land Revenue) Rules, 2013
Lessa
Measurement units
লেচা Assamese
Also written: lecha, lesa, lessas, lechas
Assam's smallest traditional land unit, a sub-unit of the katha.
The lessa (also written lecha) is the smallest unit in Assam's bigha-katha-lessa system. Gauhati High Court records describe plots in bighas, kathas and lessas (written as B-K-L) and small plots in lechas. A buyer should get the equivalent in square feet or hectares.
लेचा असम की बीघा-कठा-लेचा व्यवस्था की सबसे छोटी इकाई है। अदालती रिकॉर्ड में रकबा B-K-L रूप में लिखा मिलता है। खरीदार इसका वर्ग फुट या हेक्टेयर में बराबर माप लिखवाए।
Gauhati High Court, WP(C)/4962/2014, judgment of 17 Feb 2022 (via Indian Kanoon)
Gauhati High Court, order of 14 Sep 2023 (via Indian Kanoon)
Wikipedia (secondary; regional values uncited)
Lot mandal
People and posts
Also written: mandal, land recorder
Assam's village-level land recorder for a 'lot' of villages.
The Lot Mandal is Assam's field-level land recorder. Official pages describe the Lot Mandal processing applications for certified copies on Dharitree, verifying and updating records before the Circle Officer, and submitting conversion proposals in rural areas. A Government of Assam presentation notes each lot averages three to five villages. A buyer's record checks and mutation start with the Lot Mandal.
लॉट मंडल असम का गाँव-स्तर का भू-अभिलेख कर्मचारी (लैंड रिकॉर्डर) है, जिसके 'लॉट' में आम तौर पर 3–5 गाँव होते हैं। वह धरित्री पर आवेदन देखता है, रिकॉर्ड सत्यापित व अद्यतन करता है और सर्किल ऑफिसर को भेजता है। खरीदार की रिकॉर्ड जाँच और नामजारी यहीं से शुरू होती है।
Differences between states
Assam courts mention Lot Mandals and Supervising Kanungos being deputed for settlement work.
Revenue & Disaster Management Department, Government of Assam
Revenue & Disaster Management Department, Government of Assam (conversion of Annual Patta)
District Administration Biswanath, Government of Assam
Revenue & Disaster Management Department, Government of Assam (presentation on revenue administration)
Gauhati High Court, WP(C)/4962/2014, judgment of 17 Feb 2022 (via Indian Kanoon)
LPC
Documents
एलपीसी Hindi
Also written: land possession certificate
Land Possession Certificate; its role differs between Bihar and Arunachal Pradesh.
In Bihar, the LPC is a Land Possession Certificate issued at circle level certifying actual possession, and the circle's Revenue Officer is empowered to issue it. In Arunachal Pradesh, a Gauhati High Court (Itanagar) judgment records the submission that the state issues two kinds of land document: the LPC for private ownership, and allotment on lease of government land or a pass-book for 30 years, under the Arunachal Pradesh (Land Settlement and Records) Act, 2000. A buyer should know which meaning applies in the state concerned.
बिहार में LPC (भूमि दखल प्रमाण पत्र) अंचल स्तर पर दिया जाने वाला प्रमाण पत्र है जो ज़मीन पर वास्तविक कब्ज़ा प्रमाणित करता है। अरुणाचल प्रदेश में LPC निजी स्वामित्व का दस्तावेज़ बताया गया है, जबकि सरकारी ज़मीन 30 साल के पट्टे/पास-बुक पर दी जाती है। खरीदार राज्य के हिसाब से इसका अर्थ समझे।
Differences between states
Bihar: certifies possession; issued by circle revenue officials. Arunachal Pradesh: described as the document for private ownership, distinct from leases/pass-books of government land.
Revenue and Land Reforms Department, Government of Bihar (Bihar Bhumi) - Revenue Glossary
Gauhati High Court (Itanagar Bench), judgment of 13 Nov 2025 (via Indian Kanoon)
M
Mouza
Offices
मौजा Hindi
Also written: mauza, mauja, mouja
Revenue village or revenue unit used as the base address of land records.
In Bihar, the mauza is the revenue village and the basic unit for jamabandi, khatian and maps. In West Bengal land is described by mouza together with its J.L. number. In Assam the mouza is a revenue unit managed historically by a mouzadar for revenue administration, and tribal belts were formed of whole mouzas or parts of mouzas. A buyer must get the mouza right, because plot numbers repeat across mouzas.
बिहार में मौजा राजस्व गाँव है और जमाबंदी, खतियान व नक्शे की मूल इकाई है। पश्चिम बंगाल में ज़मीन मौजा और उसके J.L. नंबर से पहचानी जाती है। असम में मौजा राजस्व इकाई है जिसका प्रबंध पहले मौजादार करता था। प्लॉट नंबर अलग-अलग मौजा में दोहराए जाते हैं, इसलिए मौजा सही होना ज़रूरी है।
Differences between states
Bihar/Jharkhand/West Bengal: mouza = revenue village. Assam: court and record addresses list village and mouza separately, and the mouza is the unit of the mouzadar's revenue work.
Revenue and Land Reforms Department, Government of Bihar (Bihar Bhumi) - Revenue Glossary
National Green Tribunal, order of 30 Jul 2025 on a West Bengal plot (via Indian Kanoon)
Office of the District Commissioner, Kamrup (Land Revenue Branch), Government of Assam
Rabha Hasong Autonomous Council, Government of Assam
Mouzadar
People and posts
Also written: mauzadar
Assam revenue functionary in charge of a mouza's revenue affairs.
A mouzadar handles a mouza's revenue affairs in Assam. A Kamrup district advertisement for the post describes the work as management of mouza affairs and revenue administration, including keeping mauzadari accounts. A Government of Assam presentation lists mouzadars among a historical intermediate class (with Choudhuri, Patgiri and Bishaya). Buyers may meet the mouzadar in connection with land revenue.
मौजादार असम में किसी मौजा के राजस्व मामलों का प्रभारी होता है। कामरूप ज़िले के विज्ञापन के अनुसार उसका काम मौजा के मामलों का प्रबंध, राजस्व प्रशासन और 'मौजादारी हिसाब' रखना है।
Office of the District Commissioner, Kamrup (Land Revenue Branch), Government of Assam
Revenue & Disaster Management Department, Government of Assam (presentation on revenue administration)
Wikipedia (secondary; thinly sourced)
Mundari khunt-katti
Ownership and tenure
Also written: mundari khuntkatti, khuntkatti, khunt-kattidar, Mundari khunt-kattidar
Special CNT Act tenancy of Mundari village founders who reclaimed jungle land.
The CNT Act defines a Mundari khunt-kattidar as a Mundari who has acquired a right to hold jungle land to bring suitable portions under cultivation by himself or male members of his family, and a Mundari khunt-katti tenancy as that person's interest. It also recognises raiyats with khunt-katti rights: raiyats in occupation of land reclaimed from jungle by the original founders of the village. This is special tribal tenure; a buyer should take legal advice before any dealing.
CNT कानून के अनुसार मुंडारी खुंटकट्टीदार वह मुंडा है जिसने जंगल की ज़मीन को खुद या परिवार के पुरुष सदस्यों द्वारा खेती लायक बनाने का अधिकार पाया हो। गाँव बसाने वाले मूल लोगों द्वारा जंगल साफ कर बनाई गई ज़मीन पर ऐसे विशेष अधिकार होते हैं। यह विशेष आदिवासी काश्तकारी है; ऐसी ज़मीन के सौदे से पहले कानूनी सलाह लें।
Indian Kanoon - text of Chota Nagpur Tenancy Act, 1908
N
Namjari
Processes
Also written: nam jari, mutation
Mutation: registering a person's name in the record of rights after transfer or inheritance.
In Assam, 'Namjari' is mutation; the Basundhara SOP defines mutation as registration of a person's name in the Record of Rights, i.e. the jamabandi. Assam distinguishes office mutation (mostly town land) from chitha mutation (mostly village land), and offers mutation after deed registration and by right of inheritance. A buyer should complete namjari after registration so the jamabandi shows the new owner.
असम में नामजारी का मतलब नामांतरण है — अधिकार-अभिलेख यानी जमाबंदी में व्यक्ति का नाम दर्ज करना। शहरी ज़मीन में 'ऑफिस म्यूटेशन' और गाँव की ज़मीन में 'चिठा म्यूटेशन' होता है। रजिस्ट्री के बाद खरीदार नामजारी ज़रूर कराए।
Differences between states
West Bengal: a secondary guide says mutation is also called namjari and is a BL&LRO revenue action requiring correct dag numbers.
Revenue & Disaster Management Department, Government of Assam (Namjari / mutation)
Government of Assam - Basundhara portal SOP for services
Secondary guide (commercial land portal)
Nokma
People and posts
Garo head of a clan (machong) who holds Akhing land as custodian.
A Nokma is the head of a Garo clan or machong who holds Akhing land as custodian on behalf of the clan, and whose name is recognised and entered in the District Council's records. A Garo Hills regulation defines Nokma as a person appointed custodian of any Akhing. Any arrangement about Akhing land involves the Nokma and the District Council.
नोकमा गारो कुल (मचोंग) का मुखिया है जो कुल की ओर से आखिंग ज़मीन का संरक्षक होता है, और जिसका नाम ज़िला परिषद के रिकॉर्ड में दर्ज होता है। आखिंग ज़मीन से जुड़े किसी भी समझौते में नोकमा और ज़िला परिषद शामिल होते हैं।
Meghalaya High Court, judgment of 11 Mar 2019 (via Indian Kanoon)
Indian Kanoon - s.2, Garo Hills Autonomous District Cattle Taxation Regulation, 1966
P
Parimarjan
Processes
Also written: parimarjan plus
Bihar online process to correct wrong entries in the digitised jamabandi.
Parimarjan is Bihar's online application for correction of incorrect entries in the digitised jamabandi register, filed before the Circle Officer, as described in Patna High Court orders. Sellers often need it when the online jamabandi has a wrong name, area or plot. A buyer should make sure any such error is corrected before registration.
परिमार्जन बिहार में ऑनलाइन जमाबंदी (डिजिटल पंजी) की गलत प्रविष्टियाँ सुधारने का ऑनलाइन आवेदन है, जो सर्किल ऑफिसर के सामने जाता है। नाम, रकबा या प्लॉट गलत हो तो इसी से सुधार होता है। खरीदार रजिस्ट्री से पहले ऐसी गलतियाँ ठीक करवा ले।
Patna High Court, order of 30 Sep 2024 (via Indian Kanoon)
Patna High Court, order of 9 Jan 2025 (via Indian Kanoon)
Partition
Processes
Official division of a holding or revenue-paying estate into separate parts.
Assam's Basundhara SOP defines partition as division of a revenue-paying estate into two or more estates, each separately liable for the revenue assessed on it. In Manipur, court records show names entered in the jamabandi through mutation and partition proceedings. A buyer of a share in joint land should check that partition is recorded, so the plot bought is separately identified.
असम में बँटवारा (पार्टीशन) राजस्व देने वाली जोत को दो या अधिक हिस्सों में बाँटना है, जिनमें हर हिस्सा अलग से राजस्व देता है। मणिपुर में भी दाखिल-खारिज और बँटवारे से जमाबंदी में नाम दर्ज होते हैं। संयुक्त ज़मीन का हिस्सा खरीदने से पहले देखें कि बँटवारा रिकॉर्ड में दर्ज है।
Government of Assam - Basundhara portal SOP for services
Manipur High Court, judgment of 4 Jul 2023 (via Indian Kanoon)
Patta
Documents
Also written: pata, pattah, pattanama
A grant or lease document for land; its rights differ greatly from state to state.
A patta is a document by which land is settled or leased to a holder, and what it gives differs by state. Bihar's glossary defines patta/pattanama as a lease deed for a specific period under stated conditions. In Assam pattas are periodic or annual, and the patta number groups dags under one holding. In West Bengal, vested surplus land has been distributed to landless persons by grant of patta. A buyer must know which kind of patta is involved before assuming it can be sold.
पट्टा वह दस्तावेज़ है जिससे ज़मीन किसी को बंदोबस्त या पट्टे पर दी जाती है; इसके अधिकार राज्य-दर-राज्य अलग हैं। बिहार में पट्टा/पट्टानामा तय अवधि और शर्तों वाला पट्टा-विलेख है। असम में पट्टा मियादी (आवधिक) या एकसोनिया (वार्षिक) होता है। पश्चिम बंगाल में भूमिहीनों को निहित ज़मीन पट्टा देकर दी गई। खरीदार पहले समझे कि पट्टा किस प्रकार का है और बेचा जा सकता है या नहीं।
Differences between states
Assam: periodic (myadi) vs annual (eksonia) patta. West Bengal: patta for vested land given to landless. Meghalaya: the Revenue Department issues periodic leases and pattas to settlement-holders of government land. Mizoram: 'periodic patta' is a lease for a fixed or limited period for a specific purpose. Manipur: land held under patta numbers with recorded pattadars. Bihar: patta/pattanama = lease deed.
Used in: Assam, West Bengal, Bihar, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Manipur, Odisha
Revenue and Land Reforms Department, Government of Bihar (Bihar Bhumi) - Revenue Glossary
Revenue & Disaster Management Department, Government of Assam (conversion of Annual Patta)
Calcutta High Court, judgment of 14 May 2014 (via Indian Kanoon)
Revenue & Disaster Management Department, Government of Meghalaya
Indian Kanoon - s.21, Mizoram (Land Revenue) Act, 2013
Manipur High Court, judgment of 4 Jul 2023 (via Indian Kanoon)
Pattadar
People and posts
Also written: pattedar, patta holder
The holder of a patta, recorded as landholder in the land record.
A pattadar is the person in whose name a patta stands and who is recorded in the jamabandi as landholder (Assam, Manipur). In Odisha, 'pattadar' also appears as a status recorded in column 3 of the RoR, which courts have contrasted with 'sthitiban'. A buyer should deal with the recorded pattadar and check the type of patta.
पट्टादार वह व्यक्ति है जिसके नाम पट्टा है और जो जमाबंदी में भू-धारक के रूप में दर्ज है (असम, मणिपुर)। ओडिशा में RoR के कॉलम 3 में 'पट्टादार' एक दर्जा भी होता है। खरीदार दर्ज पट्टादार से ही सौदा करे और पट्टे की किस्म देखे।
Differences between states
Odisha: status 'pattadar' in RoR has been litigated against 'sthitiban'.
In Assam, a long-term settlement giving permanent, heritable and transferable rights; called 'myadi'.
In Assam a periodic lease is one granted for more than one year (for town land, more than three years). When annual-patta land is converted to periodic patta, the holder gets a permanent, heritable and transferable right of use and occupancy. Gauhati High Court records describe land converted 'from Annual Patta to Myadi land' and, for the same order, 'converted to Periodic Patta', showing that myadi is the local name. Periodic-patta land is generally the kind a buyer can purchase, subject to tribal belt/block and other restrictions.
असम में मियादी (आवधिक) पट्टा एक साल से ज़्यादा अवधि का बंदोबस्त है (शहरी ज़मीन में तीन साल से ज़्यादा)। वार्षिक पट्टे को मियादी में बदलने पर स्थायी, वंशानुगत और हस्तांतरणीय अधिकार मिलता है। आम तौर पर खरीदार इसी तरह की ज़मीन खरीद सकता है, पर आदिवासी बेल्ट/ब्लॉक जैसे प्रतिबंध देखने ज़रूरी हैं।
Differences between states
Mizoram uses 'periodic patta' differently: under the Mizoram (Land Revenue) Act, 2013 a periodic patta holder is a person to whom land is leased for a fixed or limited period for a specific purpose such as commercial plantation or horticulture.
Indian Kanoon - text of Rules under the Assam Land and Revenue Regulation, 1886
Government of Assam - Basundhara portal SOP for services
Gauhati High Court, judgment of 10 Mar 2026 (via Indian Kanoon)
Gauhati High Court, judgment of 16 May 2025 (via Indian Kanoon)
Indian Kanoon - s.21, Mizoram (Land Revenue) Act, 2013
Porcha
Documents
Also written: parcha, porcha copy, parcha khatiyan
A copy or extract of the khatian given to the recorded holder.
A porcha (also written parcha) is the holder's copy of the khatian entry. A West Bengal NGT order refers to the 'C.S. Porcha' of the recorded owners, and a secondary guide describes the CS parcha as the certified form of the original cadastral record available from the BL&LRO office. In Sikkim, a High Court judgment relied on the 'parcha khatiyan' to show in whose name land was still recorded. A buyer should compare the seller's porcha with the current online record.
पोरचा (पर्चा) खतियान की वह प्रति है जो दर्ज मालिक को दी जाती है। पश्चिम बंगाल में CS पर्चा पुराने सर्वे के रिकॉर्ड की प्रति है जो BL&LRO दफ्तर से मिलती है। सिक्किम में 'पर्चा खतियान' से पता चलता है कि ज़मीन किसके नाम दर्ज है। खरीदार विक्रेता के पर्चे को मौजूदा ऑनलाइन रिकॉर्ड से ज़रूर मिलाए।
Differences between states
West Bengal: 'porcha' is the common spelling in records. Sikkim: courts use 'parcha khatiyan' for the record of rights extract.
National Green Tribunal, order of 30 Jul 2025 on a West Bengal plot (via Indian Kanoon)
Secondary guide (commercial land portal)
Sikkim High Court, judgment of 7 Aug 2026 (via Indian Kanoon)
R
Raiyat
Ownership and tenure
Also written: rayat, ryot, raiyati, rayati
A landholder/cultivator with recognised rights; 'raiyati' land is land held by raiyats.
A raiyat is a person holding land with recognised rights. The CNT Act defines a raiyat primarily as a person who has acquired a right to hold land for cultivating it himself, through family, hired servants or partners. Under the West Bengal Land Reforms Act a raiyat is a person or institution holding land for any purpose and is the owner of the plot, which is heritable and transferable (subject to the Act). A buyer should confirm the land is raiyati (not government) land and whether any tribal-transfer law applies.
रैयत वह व्यक्ति है जिसके पास मान्य अधिकार के साथ ज़मीन है। CNT कानून में रैयत वह है जिसे खुद, परिवार, मज़दूर या साझेदार की मदद से खेती के लिए ज़मीन रखने का अधिकार मिला हो। पश्चिम बंगाल भूमि सुधार कानून में रैयत अपनी ज़मीन का मालिक है, जो विरासत और हस्तांतरण योग्य है। खरीदार देखे कि ज़मीन रैयती है, सरकारी नहीं, और कोई आदिवासी-भूमि कानून तो लागू नहीं होता।
Differences between states
Jharkhand (CNT Act): raiyat defined by right to cultivate; occupancy-raiyats have rights of occupancy. West Bengal (WBLR Act 1955): raiyat is owner of the plot. Odisha: courts note a settled raiyat acquires occupancy rights and RoRs may record status as 'Rayati'. Tripura (TLR&LR Act 1960): raiyat means a person who owns land for agriculture paying land revenue.
Used in: Bihar, Jharkhand, West Bengal, Odisha, Tripura
Indian Kanoon - text of Chota Nagpur Tenancy Act, 1908
Indian Kanoon - text of West Bengal Land Reforms Act, 1955
Orissa High Court, judgment of 22 May 2026 (via Indian Kanoon)
Orissa High Court, judgment of 25 Sep 2025 (via Indian Kanoon)
Indian Kanoon - text of Tripura Land Revenue and Land Reforms Act, 1960
Record of rights
Records and registers
Also written: RoR, ROR, record-of-rights
The finally published land record after survey or settlement, showing who holds which land and how.
The Record of Rights (RoR) is the finally published record after survey, which Bihar's glossary says is legally presumed correct. Its local name differs: khatian in Bihar, Jharkhand and West Bengal, RoR in Odisha (issued by the Tahasildar, with a column stating the holder's status), and the jamabandi in Assam (now issued with a QR code). Courts have also said that an entry in revenue records does not by itself confer title, so a buyer should treat the RoR as strong evidence but still check the chain of deeds.
अधिकार-अभिलेख (RoR) सर्वे के बाद अंतिम रूप से प्रकाशित ज़मीन का रिकॉर्ड है, जिसे सही माना जाता है। इसका स्थानीय नाम अलग-अलग है — बिहार, झारखंड, बंगाल में खतियान, ओडिशा में RoR, असम में जमाबंदी। अदालतें कहती हैं कि राजस्व रिकॉर्ड में नाम होने भर से मालिकाना हक़ नहीं बनता, इसलिए खरीदार दस्तावेज़ों की पूरी कड़ी भी जाँचे।
Differences between states
Odisha: RoR column 3 records the nature of holding (e.g. sthitiban, pattadar). Assam: jamabandi is the RoR and certified copies are issued through Dharitree. Arunachal Pradesh: a Gauhati High Court (Itanagar) judgment records the principle that a revenue entry does not confer title.
Used in: Bihar, Jharkhand, West Bengal, Odisha, Assam, Sikkim, Manipur, Tripura
Revenue and Land Reforms Department, Government of Bihar (Bihar Bhumi) - Revenue Glossary
Orissa High Court, judgment of 22 May 2026 (via Indian Kanoon)
Revenue & Disaster Management Department, Government of Assam
Gauhati High Court (Itanagar Bench), judgment of 13 Nov 2025 (via Indian Kanoon)
Register II
Records and registers
पंजी-II Hindi
Also written: Register-2, Register-II, Panji-II, Jamabandi Panji
Circle-level register of all raiyats of a revenue village, compiled from their jamabandis.
Register-II is the official register of raiyats of a revenue village, compiled from all the jamabandis. It is kept at the circle office and updated after mutation. In Jharkhand, the High Court has recorded a Circle Officer's statement that an entry made in Register-II by a Halka Karmchari who was not competent to make it was irregular. A buyer should check that the seller's jamabandi in Register-II is current and was created by a proper order.
पंजी-II (रजिस्टर-II) किसी राजस्व गाँव के सभी रैयतों का सरकारी रजिस्टर है, जो उनकी जमाबंदियों से बनता है। यह अंचल कार्यालय में रहता है और दाखिल-खारिज के बाद अद्यतन होता है। खरीदार देखे कि विक्रेता की जमाबंदी पंजी-II में चालू है और सक्षम आदेश से बनी है।
Differences between states
Used in both Bihar and Jharkhand; Bihar has digitised it (online jamabandi records on Bihar Bhumi).
Revenue and Land Reforms Department, Government of Bihar (Bihar Bhumi) - Revenue Glossary
Jharkhand High Court, order of 16 Feb 2022 (via Indian Kanoon)
Jharkhand High Court, order of 6 Jun 2022 (via Indian Kanoon)
Revenue inspector
People and posts
Also written: RI, R.I.
Field revenue officer in Odisha who reports on land and updates records and rent after orders.
In Odisha the Revenue Inspector (R.I.) is a field revenue officer. After a mutation order and the appeal period, an intimation slip is sent to the R.I. concerned for correction of record and realisation of rent, and R.I. reports on possession are used as evidence in disputes. A buyer may need the R.I.'s field report during mutation.
ओडिशा में राजस्व निरीक्षक (R.I.) मैदानी राजस्व अधिकारी है। दाखिल-खारिज आदेश के बाद उसे रिकॉर्ड सुधार और लगान वसूली के लिए सूचना पर्ची भेजी जाती है, और कब्ज़े पर उसकी रिपोर्ट विवादों में सबूत बनती है।
Orissa High Court, judgment of 14 Aug 2023 (via Indian Kanoon)
Revenue Order No. 1
Other words
Also written: Revenue Order No.1, Revenue Order No. 1 of 1917
Sikkim order barring sale, mortgage or sub-letting of Bhutia-Lepcha land to others without sanction.
As reproduced by the Sikkim High Court, Revenue Order No. 1 says no Bhutias and Lepchas are to be allowed to sell, mortgage or sub-let any of their land to any person other than a Bhutia or a Lepcha without the express sanction of the Darbar or officers empowered by it. Courts continue to apply it to land transactions. A buyer of land in Sikkim should check whether the land is Bhutia-Lepcha land covered by this order.
सिक्किम हाईकोर्ट में उद्धृत रेवेन्यू ऑर्डर नंबर 1 के अनुसार भूटिया और लेप्चा अपनी ज़मीन किसी गैर-भूटिया/लेप्चा को बिना दरबार या अधिकृत अधिकारी की स्पष्ट अनुमति के न बेच सकते हैं, न गिरवी रख सकते हैं, न किराये पर दे सकते हैं। सिक्किम में खरीदार पहले यह जाँचे।
Sikkim High Court, judgment of 7 Aug 2026 (via Indian Kanoon)
Ri kynti
Ownership and tenure
Also written: ri-kynti, rikynti
Khasi Hills private land, owned absolutely by a person or clan.
Under the Khasi Hills Autonomous District (Regulation and Administration of Land) Act, 2021, Ri Kynti is private land or land absolutely owned by a person or clan(s). The Act lists variants including Ri Kur, Ri Nongtymmen, Ri Maw and Ri Seng. Even for Ri Kynti, the Meghalaya Transfer of Land (Regulation) Act, 1971 bars transfer by a tribal to a non-tribal (or between non-tribals) without the competent authority's previous sanction.
खासी हिल्स भूमि अधिनियम, 2021 के अनुसार री किंती निजी ज़मीन है जो किसी व्यक्ति या कुल (क्लान) की पूर्ण मिल्कियत होती है। इसके रूप हैं री कुर, री नोंगतिम्मेन, री माव, री सेंग आदि। फिर भी मेघालय भूमि हस्तांतरण कानून, 1971 के तहत आदिवासी से गैर-आदिवासी को बिना सक्षम अधिकारी की अनुमति ज़मीन नहीं दी जा सकती।
Khasi Hills Autonomous District Council - KHAD (Regulation and Administration of Land) Act, 2021
Revenue & Disaster Management Department, Government of Meghalaya - Meghalaya Transfer of Land (Regulation) Act, 1971
Ri raid
Ownership and tenure
Also written: ri-raid
Khasi Hills community land: only use and occupancy rights, no private ownership.
The Khasi Hills land Act, 2021 defines Ri Raid as lands set apart for the community over which no person has proprietary, heritable or transferable rights except the right of use and occupancy. Its types include Ri Shnong, Ri Shnat and Ri Kuna. Because no one holds transferable rights, Ri Raid cannot be bought as private land.
खासी हिल्स भूमि अधिनियम, 2021 के अनुसार री रैड समुदाय के लिए अलग रखी ज़मीन है, जिस पर किसी व्यक्ति का मालिकाना, वंशानुगत या हस्तांतरणीय हक़ नहीं होता, सिर्फ़ उपयोग और कब्ज़े का अधिकार होता है। इसलिए इसे निजी ज़मीन की तरह खरीदा नहीं जा सकता।
Khasi Hills Autonomous District Council - KHAD (Regulation and Administration of Land) Act, 2021
S
Sairat
Land classes
सैरात Hindi
Government or panchayat land or assets that yield revenue and are settled to lessees for fixed terms.
Sairat means government or panchayat land or assets that yield revenue and are settled to lessees for fixed terms. A sairat lease gives use for a period, not ownership.
सैरात सरकार या पंचायत की ऐसी ज़मीन या संपत्ति है जिससे आमदनी होती है और जिसे तय अवधि के लिए पट्टेदार को दिया जाता है। इससे मालिकाना हक़ नहीं मिलता।
Revenue and Land Reforms Department, Government of Bihar (Bihar Bhumi) - Revenue Glossary
SDC
People and posts
Also written: Sub-Deputy Collector
Sub-Deputy Collector: Manipur revenue officer who conducts enquiries and demarcation.
In Manipur, the Sub-Deputy Collector (SDC) is a revenue officer; court decrees have directed the SDC to conduct demarcation and submit an enquiry/demarcation report to ascertain the exact area of a plot held under a patta. A buyer may approach the SDC for demarcation and record matters.
मणिपुर में सब-डिप्टी कलेक्टर (SDC) राजस्व अधिकारी है; अदालतों ने उसे ज़मीन का सीमांकन कर सही रकबा बताने वाली रिपोर्ट देने का निर्देश दिया है।
Manipur High Court, judgment of 4 Jul 2023 (via Indian Kanoon)
Shuddhi patra
Documents
Also written: correction slip, intimation slip
Slip ordering a correction in the land record after an order.
Bihar's glossary describes a correction slip (shuddhi patra) issued by the Circle Officer to carry out ordered amendments in records. In Odisha, after a mutation order and the appeal period, an intimation slip is sent to the Revenue Inspector for correction of record and realisation of rent. A buyer should check that the record was actually corrected after any order.
बिहार में शुद्धिपत्र (करेक्शन स्लिप) सर्किल ऑफिसर देता है ताकि आदेश के अनुसार रिकॉर्ड में सुधार हो। ओडिशा में दाखिल-खारिज के बाद राजस्व निरीक्षक को सूचना पर्ची भेजी जाती है ताकि रिकॉर्ड सुधरे और लगान वसूला जाए। खरीदार देखे कि आदेश के बाद रिकॉर्ड सचमुच बदला गया।
Differences between states
Bihar: 'shuddhi patra' (correction slip) from the Circle Officer. Odisha: 'intimation slip' to the R.I.
Revenue and Land Reforms Department, Government of Bihar (Bihar Bhumi) - Revenue Glossary
Orissa High Court, judgment of 14 Aug 2023 (via Indian Kanoon)
Sixth Schedule
Other words
Also written: 6th Schedule, autonomous district council
Constitutional schedule for tribal areas run by autonomous councils that can make land laws.
The Sixth Schedule to the Constitution covers tribal areas in Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura and Mizoram administered by autonomous district councils. Under paragraph 3, district councils can make laws on the allotment, occupation or use, or the setting apart, of land other than reserved forest. For example, the Khasi Hills council has its own land Act (2021). A buyer in these areas must follow council laws and customary tenure, not only state revenue law.
संविधान की छठी अनुसूची असम, मेघालय, त्रिपुरा और मिज़ोरम के आदिवासी इलाकों पर लागू है, जहाँ स्वायत्त ज़िला परिषदें हैं। छठी अनुसूची के पैरा 3 के तहत परिषदें ज़मीन के आवंटन, कब्ज़े, उपयोग या अलग रखने पर कानून बना सकती हैं (आरक्षित वन छोड़कर)। इन इलाकों में खरीदार को परिषद के कानून और पारंपरिक व्यवस्था माननी होती है।
Differences between states
Councils named by a secondary source: Bodoland Territorial Council, North Cachar Hills and Karbi Anglong (Assam); Garo, Jaintia and Khasi Hills (Meghalaya); Chakma, Lai and Mara (Mizoram); Tripura Tribal Areas ADC (Tripura).
The Santhal Parganas Tenancy (Supplementary Provisions) Act, 1949 governs raiyati land in the Santhal Parganas. As the Jharkhand High Court explains, Section 20(1) prohibits transfer by a raiyat of his holding except where the right to transfer was recorded in the record of rights, and only to that extent. A buyer in Santhal Parganas should check the record of rights for any recorded right to transfer before buying.
संथाल परगना काश्तकारी (पूरक प्रावधान) अधिनियम, 1949 संथाल परगना की रैयती ज़मीन पर लागू है। झारखंड हाईकोर्ट के अनुसार धारा 20(1) रैयत को अपनी जोत बेचने से रोकती है, जब तक अधिकार-अभिलेख में हस्तांतरण का अधिकार दर्ज न हो, और उतनी ही सीमा तक। खरीदार पहले अधिकार-अभिलेख जाँचे।
Jharkhand High Court, judgment of 9 Apr 2026 (via Indian Kanoon)
Jharkhand High Court, judgment of 12 Dec 2008 (via Indian Kanoon)
Sthitiban
Ownership and tenure
Also written: stitiban, stithiban
Odisha RoR status of a settled raiyat with permanent, heritable and transferable rights.
Sthitiban is the status of a settled raiyat in Odisha. The Orissa High Court quotes it as a cultivator who has become a settled raiyat of the village by holding land there for 12 years continuously and has a permanent right with heritability and transferability. Other statuses seen in RoRs include 'pattadar' and 'dakhal satwa sunya', and guidelines direct certain statuses to be recorded as sthitiban. A buyer should check the status column of the RoR, as it affects transferability.
स्थितिबान ओडिशा के RoR में 'स्थिर रैयत' का दर्जा है। ओडिशा हाईकोर्ट के अनुसार जो किसान गाँव में लगातार 12 साल ज़मीन रखकर स्थिर रैयत बन गया, उसे स्थायी, वंशानुगत और हस्तांतरणीय अधिकार मिलता है। RoR में 'पट्टादार' या 'दखल स्वत्व शून्य' जैसे दूसरे दर्जे भी दिखते हैं। खरीदार RoR का दर्जा-कॉलम ज़रूर देखे।
Orissa High Court, judgment of 22 May 2026 (via Indian Kanoon)
Orissa High Court, judgment of 7 Nov 2025 (via Indian Kanoon)
Swaghoshna
Documents
स्व-घोषणा Hindi
Also written: swa-ghoshna, self-declaration
Self-declaration form filed by landholders in the Bihar Special Survey.
Swaghoshna means self-declaration. Bihar's Directorate of Land Records & Survey provides 'Form-2 for self-declaration' for the Bihar Special Survey, in which landholders declare the land they hold. Buyers of land in a village under survey should check that the seller's declaration covers the plot.
स्व-घोषणा का अर्थ है खुद की घोषणा। बिहार विशेष सर्वेक्षण में भू-धारक प्रपत्र-2 में अपनी ज़मीन की स्व-घोषणा देते हैं। जिस गाँव में सर्वे चल रहा हो, वहाँ खरीदार देखे कि विक्रेता की घोषणा में वह प्लॉट शामिल है।
Directorate of Land Records & Survey, Government of Bihar
T
Tahasildar
People and posts
Also written: tehsildar, tahsildar, tahasil
Revenue officer of a tahasil who issues RoRs and decides mutation and record cases.
In Odisha the Tahasildar issues RoRs, decides mutation cases and miscellaneous record-correction cases, and verifies land records for other departments, as seen in Orissa High Court judgments. The Tripura Land Revenue and Land Reforms Act, 1960 also provides for tehsildars. A buyer deals with the Tahasil office for RoR copies and mutation.
ओडिशा में तहसीलदार RoR जारी करता है, दाखिल-खारिज और रिकॉर्ड सुधार के मामले तय करता है। त्रिपुरा के भू-राजस्व कानून में भी तहसीलदार का प्रावधान है। खरीदार RoR और नामांतरण के लिए तहसील कार्यालय जाता है।
Differences between states
Odisha: 'Tahasildar'/'Tahasil' spelling. Tripura: 'tehsildar' in the 1960 Act.
Orissa High Court, judgment of 22 May 2026 (via Indian Kanoon)
Orissa High Court, judgment of 14 Aug 2023 (via Indian Kanoon)
Orissa High Court, judgment of 7 Nov 2025 (via Indian Kanoon)
Indian Kanoon - text of Tripura Land Revenue and Land Reforms Act, 1960
Thana number
Records and registers
राजस्व थाना संख्या Hindi
Also written: thana no., revenue thana number
Identification number assigned to each revenue village (mauza) in Bihar.
The revenue thana number is the unique identification number or code assigned to each revenue village. It is a land-record code, not a police station. A buyer should check that the mauza name and thana number in the deed match the online record.
राजस्व थाना संख्या हर राजस्व गाँव (मौजा) को दिया गया पहचान नंबर है। यह पुलिस थाना नहीं है। खरीदार डीड में मौजा और थाना नंबर को ऑनलाइन रिकॉर्ड से मिलाए।
Revenue and Land Reforms Department, Government of Bihar (Bihar Bhumi) - Revenue Glossary
Tribal belts and blocks
Ownership and tenure
Also written: tribal belt, tribal block, protected belts and blocks
Protected areas in Assam where land transfer to non-protected classes is restricted.
Chapter X of the Assam Land and Revenue Regulation, 1886, added in 1947, provides for tribal belts and blocks: protected areas, formed of whole mouzas or compact parts, predominantly inhabited by notified protected classes. Measures include restrictions on transfer of land by sale, mortgage, lease or agreement. Protected classes listed by an Assam autonomous council include plains tribes, hills tribes, tea garden tribes, Santhals, Scheduled Castes and Nepali cultivator-graziers. A buyer should confirm with the Circle Office whether a dag falls within a belt or block.
असम भूमि एवं राजस्व विनियम, 1886 के अध्याय X (1947 में जोड़ा गया) के तहत 'ट्राइबल बेल्ट और ब्लॉक' संरक्षित क्षेत्र हैं, जहाँ अधिसूचित संरक्षित वर्ग रहते हैं। यहाँ बिक्री, गिरवी, पट्टे आदि से ज़मीन के हस्तांतरण पर रोक है। खरीदार सर्किल ऑफिस से पक्का करे कि दाग किसी बेल्ट या ब्लॉक में तो नहीं।
Directorate of Land Requisition, Acquisition & Reforms, Government of Assam
Rabha Hasong Autonomous Council, Government of Assam
LegitQuest - text of the Assam Land and Revenue Regulation, 1886
Secondary guide (commercial land portal)
Tribal land
Ownership and tenure
Also written: ST land
Land of Scheduled Tribe or protected communities, whose transfer is restricted by state laws.
Across this region, land of Scheduled Tribes or protected communities cannot be freely sold to outsiders. The rules come from different laws: the CNT and SPT Acts in Jharkhand, Chapter X belts and blocks in Assam, the Meghalaya Transfer of Land (Regulation) Act, 1971, Section 187 of the Tripura Land Revenue and Land Reforms Act, 1960, Sikkim's Revenue Order No. 1, and Article 371A for Nagaland. A buyer must check the seller's community and the area's status before agreeing to buy.
इस क्षेत्र में अनुसूचित जनजाति या संरक्षित समुदायों की ज़मीन बाहरी लोगों को खुलकर नहीं बेची जा सकती। झारखंड में CNT और SPT कानून, असम में ट्राइबल बेल्ट-ब्लॉक, मेघालय में भूमि हस्तांतरण कानून 1971, त्रिपुरा में धारा 187, सिक्किम में रेवेन्यू ऑर्डर नंबर 1 और नागालैंड में अनुच्छेद 371A लागू हैं। खरीदार विक्रेता का समुदाय और इलाके की स्थिति पहले जाँचे।
Differences between states
Jharkhand: CNT Act s.46 (ST occupancy-raiyat may transfer only with Deputy Commissioner's previous sanction, with further limits); SPT Act s.20 (no transfer unless the right is recorded in the record of rights). Meghalaya: no transfer by a tribal to a non-tribal, or by a non-tribal to another non-tribal, without the competent authority's previous sanction; contrary transfers are void. Tripura: s.187(1) prohibits transfer of land of a Scheduled Tribe member (except as provided). Sikkim: Bhutia and Lepcha land not to be sold, mortgaged or sublet to others without sanction. Odisha: a secondary guide says ST-owned land in Scheduled Areas cannot transfer to non-tribals without Collector permission.
Used in: Jharkhand, Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura, Sikkim, Nagaland, Odisha
Indian Kanoon - text of Chota Nagpur Tenancy Act, 1908
Jharkhand High Court, judgment of 9 Apr 2026 (via Indian Kanoon)
Revenue & Disaster Management Department, Government of Meghalaya - Meghalaya Transfer of Land (Regulation) Act, 1971
Tripura High Court, judgment of 4 Sep 2017 (via Indian Kanoon)
Sikkim High Court, judgment of 7 Aug 2026 (via Indian Kanoon)
Constitution of India, Article 371A (via Indian Kanoon)
Secondary guide (commercial land portal)
V
Vanshavali
Documents
वंशावली Hindi
Genealogy (family tree) form used in the Bihar Special Survey.
Vanshavali means genealogy. Bihar's Directorate of Land Records & Survey provides a 'Form 3(1) for genealogy' for the Bihar Special Survey (Bihar Vishesh Sarvekshan), used to show how inherited land descends among family members. Heirs selling inherited land should have their genealogy settled in the survey.
वंशावली का अर्थ परिवार-वृक्ष है। बिहार भू-अभिलेख एवं परिमाप निदेशालय 'बिहार विशेष सर्वेक्षण' के लिए वंशावली का प्रपत्र-3(1) देता है। विरासत की ज़मीन बेचने वाले वारिसों की वंशावली सर्वे में साफ़ होनी चाहिए।
Directorate of Land Records & Survey, Government of Bihar
Vested land
Land classes
Also written: khas land, ceiling surplus land, vested surplus land
Land that passed to the State, e.g. surplus above the ceiling limit, often redistributed to the landless.
Vested land is land that has passed to the State. In West Bengal, a raiyat's land above the ceiling limit can be vested as surplus by a Revenue Officer, the record of rights is altered, and such land may be distributed to landless persons by grant of patta. Bihar's glossary similarly defines ceiling surplus land as land beyond the ceiling limit acquired by the State. A buyer should check that a plot is not recorded as vested.
निहित ज़मीन वह है जो सरकार के पास चली गई, जैसे सीलिंग सीमा से ज़्यादा वाली ज़मीन। पश्चिम बंगाल में ऐसी ज़मीन भूमिहीनों को पट्टा देकर बाँटी जा सकती है। खरीदार जाँचे कि प्लॉट निहित (vested) के रूप में दर्ज तो नहीं।
Differences between states
West Bengal: vesting under the West Bengal Land Reforms Act and distribution by patta. Bihar: 'ceiling surplus land' under the land ceiling law.
Meaning from a reputable source; some details from secondary sources.
Less certain
Less certain — usage varies or sources are thin. Check locally.
Compiled 1 October 2026. Compiled on 1 October 2026 from state revenue department glossaries and manuals, land revenue Acts and codes, official land-record portals, court judgments and, where marked, reputable secondary sources. Every meaning is tied to the sources listed with it.
Independent, not a government body. AgriZameen is an independent platform and is not affiliated with any government department. These meanings are for understanding land records; they are not legal advice. Words and unit sizes vary from place to place — confirm what a word means in your record with the patwari, the tehsil or a licensed advocate. AgriZameen एक स्वतंत्र मंच है, किसी सरकारी विभाग से संबद्ध नहीं। यह क़ानूनी सलाह नहीं है।
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